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07/27/1992 - Packet
A 0 AGENDA SOLID WASTE ADVISORY COMMITTEE JULY 27, 1992, 7:00 PM TIGARD CIVIC CENTER - TOWN HALL CONFERENCE ROOM 13125 SW HALL BLVD. TIGARD, OR 1. CALL TO ORDER 2. ROLL CALL: Wogen_ Dispenza _ Irwin _ Jacobs_ McReynolds_ Sullivan VACANT_ 3. CALL TO AUDIENCE FOR NON AGENDA ITEMS 4. APPROVE MINUTES. 5/11/92 5. BROADENING COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION- Councilor Johnson & Liz Newton A. Importance of public participation. B. Issues of concern to the community C. Ideas to encourage more participation 6. WASTESHED- YEAR 3 WASTE REDUCTION TASKS- Washington County representative 7. SPECIAL REPORT-RESULTS OF 90-DAYPILOT PROGRAM FOR AUTOMATED CURBSIDE SERVICE- Mike Leichner, Pride Disposal 8. PROMOTIONS-August 22nd- Cook'n In The Park- Composting Fall Saturday(s) -Plastic Recycling, Yard debris, both? 9. OTHER BUSINESS A. Next meeting-September 21st 10. EXECUTIVE SESSION. The Solid Waste Advisory Committee will go into Executive Session under the provisions of ORS 192.660 (1) (0 & (h) to consider records that are exempt from public inspection and current/pending litigation. 11. ADJOURNMENT TO ENSURE A QUORUM TO CONDUCT BUSINESS,PLEASE CALL LIZ NEWTON AT 639-4171, EXTENSION 308 IF YOU ARE UNABLE TO ATTEND. le/swacagen 0 SOLID WASTE ADVISORY COMMITTEE MINUTES MAY 11, 1992 1. The meeting was called to order at 7:00 PM. 2. ROLL CALL: Present. Eldon Wogen, Chairman Cece Dispenza Mark Irwin Don Jacobs Gerry McReynolds Mike Leichner, Pride Disposal Company Lany Schmidt, Schmidt's Sanitary Service Bill Martin, Wash. County Haulers'Assn. Director Loreen Edin, Staff Liaison 3. COMMITTEE VACANCY UPDATE A. Chairman Wogen asked for an update on the recruitment process for a new committee member. Loreen Edin reported that she had contacted various citizens and sent application forms to those interested, however, no one had returned an interest application for consideration by the Mayor. Other Committee Members also noted they had contacted persons they felt would be interested in serving. 4. APPROVAL OF MINUTES: 4120/92 A. Committee Member Jacobs requested the minutes be corrected under item 5C to show May 11th as a Monday rather than a Tuesday. Motion by Committee Member McReynolds, seconded by Committee Member Jacobs to approve as corrected. Approved by unanimous vote of Committee present. 5. ADMINISTRATIVE RULES UPDATE A. Loreen Edin advised the Committee that Administrative Rule 92-1 (Construction Site Cleanup) had been approved by all three haulers and that the Homebuilders Association had called with questions about the language. Mr. Drake Butsch had been given notice of the proposed rule and the process by letter and this was followed up with two phone conversations. Loreen noted that this would be effective 5114192 unless the Committee felt that the time should be extended for the Homebuilders Association. B. The Committee discussed the process and determined that sufficient notice and time had been offered to the Association to respond. Motion by Committee Member McReynolds, seconded by Committee Member Jacobs to continue the normal City process and make the rule effective 5114192. Approved by unanimous vote of Committee present. 6. TIGARD'S SOLID WASTE RATE STRUCTURE UPDATE A. Loreen Edin reported that at the 4121 Council meeting, the Council directed staff to prepare a Metro Pass through with the following emphasis: • commercial subsidy of residential should not be increased, • recycling should be encouraged, and • rate change should be revenue neutral. Loreen Edin presented the 5111 rough draft of the rate schedule that had been developed by staff with review with the haulers being held earlier that day. She noted that a mini-can rate and recycling only rates had been added to residential services with the rate for "each additional can"being the same as one can service. This was to encourage recycling. The pass-through rate increase was$7.00 per ton from Metro and this along with a 3%franchise fee was added to all residential, commercial, commercial container, and drop box rates. Additionally, staff suggested rates be developed for 10 & 15 yard drop boxes, 90 gallon roll out containers, and an account reinstatement fee of$10. a PAGE 2 OF 3 SWAC MINUTES MAY 11, 1992 B. A synopsis follows of the lengthy discussion held regarding the rate structure changes. • RECYCLING ONLY FEE- Consensus of the Committee was to include a recycling only fee since citizens have called requesting this service. • RECYCLING CREDIT SYSTEM - Committee discussed the need for a more effective way to encourage recycling. The Committee suggested the credit system used in City of Sherwood had been effective to get citizens to recycle. This process originally added $1.00 per month to the residential can and was credited back out if the customer recycled at curbside at least once during the month. After lengthy discussion regarding the need to balance encouragement to recycle with the cost of implementing a credit system, Committee Member McReynolds moved to recommend to Council a rate structure that would have the dump fee increased effective 7/1/92 and a rate increase of$4.00 per month for each residential customer effective 10/1/92, with a total of$4.00 credit being available monthly to residential customers who recycle at curbside by crediting$1.00 a week for each week they recycle. Motion seconded by Committee Member Dispenza. Motion passed by a 4-1 majority vote with Committee Member Irwin voting nay. Committee Member Irwin noted that his negative vote was due to the credit system being implemented too soon for haulers to prepare for the change and for customers to be educated adequately. Larry Schmidt expressed concern about the cost of implementing this type of system since his customer base is small and the computer software & manhours needed to implement the program was expensive. C. Chairman Wogen noted that he would be present at the 5/26/92 Council meeting when the rate schedule would be heard. Loreen Edin stated that she would file a copy of the Council packet information with the Committee via mail. 7. PRICE WATERHOUSE REPORT SYNOPSIS A. Bill Martin, Executive Director of the Washington County Haulers'Association,presented a synopsis of the Price Waterhouse report on financial reporting in unincorporated Washington County. He reported that the Haulers'Association commissioned the study and had delivered it to Washington County in April. He noted that since Tigard is currently reviewing the rate structure the haulers believed this an appropriate time to share the report with Tigard's SWAC and staff. Bill Martin noted that this report, an R.W. Beck report commissioned by Gresham, and a recent City of Portland rate review, all supported each service line stand on its own, financially, to provide sufficient revenue to meet the costs of providing service to the customers. (See attached copy of the report summary which was distributed to the Committee.) B. During this discussion, the Committee members verbally supported including a rate in Tigard's schedule for NSF chargeback to the customer and an hourly rate for bulky item pickup. It was also noted that Tigard had not established a medical waste rate. The haulers will be filing a letter with Loreen Edin notifying the City of their use of a subcontractor for this service. Loreen Edin noted that this was an issue for SWAC to review over the next year. C. Bill Martin advised SWAC that Price Waterhouse would be taking Tigard's 1991 haulers financial information and putting it through the same calculation of revenue requirements as shown on Exhibit 7-C of the report with the exception that residential and commercial rates would maintain their existing subsidy. This report will be available to City staff no later than Wednesday, May 13th, to allow review prior to the City's rate material being submitted to Council for action. Loreen Edin noted that she would share the City's draft proposal with the haulers and SWAC Chair for comment prior to filing with the Council. PAGE 3 OF 3 SWAC MINUTES MAY 11, 1992 D. After further discussion, Committee consensus was to encourage the haulers to share the Price Waterhouse report with City Council in the near future. Committee Chair Wogen thanked Bill Martin for the presentation. 8. COUNCIL POLICY DIRECTION A. Consensus of the Committee was, with all due respect to the Council and its current policy direction, to continue to support each service line being profitable on its own from a private sector business logic perspective. Committee Member McReynolds expressed his concern that Council had disregarded the Committee's recommendation for rates in the past. He also expressed dissatisfaction with the change in role for the Committee and with increased staff assistance. Loreen Edin encouraged any Committee member to contact her, the City Administrator, or the Mayor and Council about concerns with the role of the Committee, haulers, or City staff in the solid waste arena. 9. OTHER BUSINESS A. Consensus of Committee was to meet again on July 20, 1992 at 7:00 PM. B. Committee Member McReynolds reported that he had been appointed interim Mayor of the King City Council. It was also noted that Pride Disposal had been selected as 'Business of the Year"in Sherwood. Committee members offered congratulations to both McReynolds and Pride. C. Chairman Wogen noted that there would be no Executive Session necessary. 10. ADJOURNMENT. Motion by Committee Member McReynolds, seconded by Committee Member Irwin to adjourn. Motion approved by unanimous vote of Committee present at 9:04 PM. le/swscnrn .. - • 0 �2 ;,lune 8, 1992 * =Metro Required Tasks Waste Reduction Tasks - Year 3 *Task #1 Continue to maintain, *Task #2 Implement a promote, and enhance the activities comprehensive commercial begun in Years One and Two. waste audit program. Maintain database on number of audits performed and promote the '"Task#3 Require completion use of existing waste exchanges � of d a � n her recovery options. of a brief waste disposal/recycling form when a structure is built or X demolished. The permittee will *Task#4 Incorporate into the identify the disposal/recycling building design/site plan review facility to be used. process, language requiring recycling areas in new multi-family, commercial, - and institutional developments. *Task#5 Promote home composting to complement *Task#6 Promote the concept mP 9 other yard debris recycling of minimizing the use of products programs. that must be disposed of as hazardous waste. Promote the new household hazardous waste y facility and mobile collection sites. *Task#8 Precycling— Promote the concept of minimizing 'yrs _ *Task#7 Promote using recycling - the use of excessively packaged depots accepting non-curbside products or products that are not materials or that serve rural readily recyclable. communities. *Task#9 Support and promote the implementation of the multi-family '' `� *Task #10. Buy recycled— container programs so that every multi- expand purchases of recycled family complex will be served by materials whenever possible. June 1994. vwort *Task#12 Monitor and record -� recycling tonnages to be used *Task #11 Evaluate the addition to evaluate the effectiveness of of materials, such as scrap paper $ / i recycling and waste reduction and yard debris to the curbside - programs. collection program. � P 9 Task #13 Identify alternative funding sources to continue the Washington County Cooperative Program for Year 4, if necessary. Task #14 Write and submit the Year Four Work Plan on time. a ' f a • i" L41 x D, q 351 gglly.-� y'`v/lc/, ca-rrt r-f dr rye same ot,ce- U.5 oLt✓' -e /5TH/r Cam /-a-re Z`wo Pxa-) eV ad- VQr\�rjes /n -tX/S 57/5 7,c Ct.,et -rka-r -toe ccis-ro,ne✓S 6✓�r•y cr cues •ry t-�e C'LLVb cz -rka"r Qu✓` evIlec-traq -r-trne- !s t m roue . 1.3ut1j d /i TAesC acC oa,-ttayeS Q/(Qu l �fea tc: /e..c�ei lr1 CO �lec7�o'l �u,�+e �Tl. ! ce✓c u�j' a � T ruc/< CoL iA Co Ileo -{vzl d-c)oL^, /ioM,*S pe-,, L-,eeLt5,^y M,4AULl� C0IleC-4I&1 . Our- 116-t �rograp, Aas 54W✓\ T/At � diftuer^ 0.j l -rfuek curt cctlle( -t �rvM 3 o0d Ao"YI S /�<-: wee-/< U.51n9 aLt-rc3rngt4 Cv Ilec- eel - Th(S nlecuiS -r `4/7 G�✓cve✓ all. 02 T,-,c6 a $ t aLc-W - malt collet rtar cae do 'r 4e Sf/Ae Qjjtk CCS 3 d ti uer1 • a^J 3 -Frocks u5i rnanaCL cvllec ziort . (five%IA CL 76 105 o0 d <a u-cv. Q ted L/5 35, 70 3�yq� C'��� - 35•v0 �Gaz> A5 60"--rti z 3soc?.c)o s _ 3 Tract!5 " /7)aau0./ - &51600 (rucks fi *v��ccrt�� — ;21 CX1C� D,�4e✓c.•ce = `/5� 000 /gY ,535, 76 �1035. 70/0\o/iTA o,- /74 ape-: cus-ro•ne/` does "or /.K/`W)e_ 5au(ny5 0 /n5uranre /-fueI le-rc v.i 3 � ?ruc�C no-t nee�l�cvl '', In summccr• Sv,ne v { r�(fI �y ry t he rec t?e - Tl\el u), // � u� C/�W�' efx a.,-Nd rr' C-(I .ro /apps mi rv,Care SB 6� 134y re✓r"' 1v-e t5 ujr add coo A 1 re u, red -t v do -t 4e /ie w �I►�v/141n sl aelei f a Ar 7,c� c=��s o•� -�� U� r r✓enT /,Ick `; � r ;A 15 5 u e S I-() Y 0e;l- J4Lj-tt7vnaTe-- ext-tt/'t 4-t- ys rx CuS4`O�n�✓=�+cne.^ut` rey�ceSfi r ;� �`oc k4� C��✓'rJ �^ ��� Z-Ttj� firm curka-te u5 zton, SOLID WASTE ADVISORY COMMITTEE- 19929ORKPLAN PROMOTION OF RECYCLING ITEM DATE RESPONSIBLE PARTY Ane- -to City Scape articles 1992 Loreen Cl Occtet D6 n Q Recycling Bins out Feb/March Haulers & Wash. Cnty. Wasteshed Dcon Bin Promotion 2/15/92 Wash. Cnty. Wasteshed promo Loreen assist �dr a Earth Day(Wash. Sq. Recycle Info) 4192 Committee Haulers Loreen Yard Composting Training Committee Haulers Loreen Recycling Awareness Day 10/92 Committee Depot(plastics) Haulers Loreen Yard Debris Education Fall? Committee Haulers Loreen `FC' f � r tr i f INFORMATION TIDBITS RECYCLING AWARENESS WEEK - This is set for October 3-10, 1992. Lets find some ideas for local promotions. Perhaps a good time to have plastic or yard debris depots. UTILITY WATCH PROGRAM- Pride Disposal was the first company to complete training with our Police Department to participate in the crime prevention program. We will be working with other businesses and haulers in the community to continue this education program. CITYSCAPE NEWSLETTER ARTICLES-In the June/July issue, I've asked citizens to call or write in with their recycling questions. We have had a good response to date. I've included a couple of sample letters in our packet for our info. The next newsletter will include a co of the recycling list for Tigard haulers Y p Y copy Y 9 9 (see attachment to the Gloria Davis response letter in your packet). Our hope is that this two-sided pull-out sheet will be helpful to citizens and will be in a form that could be attached to their refrigerator and used on an on-going basis. CONGRATS and THANKS to the haulers for their work on this project. When you consider the number of items that are recycled at curbside, It Is amazing!!! VACATION-1 will be on vacation 7/3/92 through 7/26/92. If you have an issue that needs attention before I return, please call Alice Carrick or Wayne Lowry at 639-4171. See you on the 27th. . _ 1 l' • CITY OF TIGARD June 12, 1992 OREGON Doreen L. Ewing 14625 SW 106th Tigard, Oregon 97224 Dear Ms . Ewing: Thank you for your letter of June 10th. The City Council shares your concern about the rising costs of solid waste management and the need to recognize those citizens who are doing a great job of recycling! As you may be aware, the Metropolitan Service District has announced a waste disposal fee increase to be effective 7/1/92 . When Tigard' s Council adopted new solid waste rates to cover this increase, they also established a rate for a "mini-can" to encourage citizens to reduce the amount of mixed waste they generate . Also included in the rate adjustment was the elimination of a price break for each additional can of garbage placed at the curb each week . It is hoped this will discourage use of more than one for garbage . Following is a comparison of existing monthly rates and the rates which will be effective 7/1/92 . Service Type 7/1/91 - 6/30/92 7/1/92 - 6/30/93 Recycling only pickup no rate $ 4 . 00 Mini-can (20 gallon) no rate $10 . 85 One can (32 gallon) $12 . 05 $13 . 10 Each additional can $11 . 15 $13 . 10 On behalf of the City Council, I want to thank you for taking the time to share your concern with the City . We will continue to look for ways to encourage waste reduction in Tigard. Sinc ly, Uw oreen R. Edin Admin . Services Manager lre/ms 13125 SW Hall Blvd.,RO.Box 23397,Tigard,Oregon 97223 (503)639-4171 �V, June 10, 1992 Lorineen Edin Tigard Council P .O. Box 23397 Tigard OR 97223 Lorineen Edin: I am a Tigard resident and my concern is our garbage collection. In my case it is Schmidt 's Sanitary Service . I would like to see a smaller container for garbage which has a lower pick up rate be recognized in the franchise agreement . I know that Blumenauer was instrumental in the Portland area to have this adopted . It would build a commitment to reduce the total volume of waste . Waste- management is not yet a profitable venture for the service provider or the customer; but we must believe and work to make it so . If you can be instrumental to getting the container size and rate established for Tigard I believe it is another needed and positive step ahead. Thank you Doreen L . Ewing 14625 S .W. 106th Tigard OR 97224 June 25 , 1992 RECEIVED JON,2 9 1992 Dear Doreen , Thank you for giving us the opportunity to ask recycling questions in the CITYSCAPE newsletter . My questions concern plastics , and I ' ve had these questions a long time ! 1 . On plastic liquid laundry detergent bottles (or plastic dish soap bottles or a plastic Hershey ' s syrup bottle for examples) is it necessary to remove the glued on labels? These bottles come in various colors , but they all have the recycling number 2 on the bottom. 2 . For these same bottles, how are their caps classified? Are the caps also number 2? Some of the caps are simple screw-ons , some are pop-ups , and some bottles have caps with the spritz-sray tubes attached . Are these all the same number? What about milk jug caps? 3 . Some containers , like margarine tubs , have a number on the container but not on its lid . Can I assume the lid is the same number? Coffee cans have plastic lids - what number are they? 4. Where can I take plastics to be recycled in the Tigard area? Do the Girl Scouts still take numbers 2-4-6 at the Thriftway in Garden Home? If so, is it the 4th Saturday of the month or the last Saturday of the month? Is there a telephone number I can call to find out if they are there , before I load up my car and head that way? 5 . Why is it that the garbage companies do not take un- corrugated cardboard? I save up all our cereal boxes and kleenex boxes , but I have to travel to Far West Fibers to dispose of them, so the stuff piles up in the garage till it ' s worth the trip . And piling up stuff is what discourages people from recycling . 6 . Is there any place which accepts odd-numbered plastic containers? (As opposed to the even-numbered 2-4-6 . ) Thanks again , Gloria Davis CITY OF TIGARD July 2, 1992 OREGON Gloria Davis 11195 SW Fonner Street Tigard, OR 97223 Dear Gloria: In response to your letterdated June 25, 1992 regarding the recycling of plastics, I believe the following information may answer your questions. Question #1 - regarding plastic bottles. The glued-on labels must be removed from plastic bottles f he recycling code located on the bottom o t only if there is a 2 4 or 6 ec before recycling. However, o y y g bottle can these be recycled easily in Oregon at this time. If there is no recycling code, the plastic container will not be able to be recycled. Color of the bottle does not matter, as long as the recycling code is"the'same. ri if there s a onl t n re recyclable r moved a d a Question #2 - regarding bottle caps. All caps must bee —Y g 9 P code stamped on the cap or lid itself. If there is no code located on the cap, it will not be able to be recycled. Question #3 regarding plastic lids. The answer is that the margarine lid cannot be recycled with the empty container, unless it is stamped with a recycling code. The same is true for coffee cans that have plastic lids. Question #4 - regarding plastic recycling. The Haulers' Hotline recommends you take your recycling to Beaverton Recycling Center located on the southwest corner of Highway 217 and Denney Road. Their hone number is 643-9944 and the recycle plastics every Saturday between 9 a.m. and 4 p.m. P Y Y I contacted Lamb's ThriftwaY in Garden Home, and they advised the Girl Scouts do pick up recycled plastics on the last Saturday of every month. Their phone number is 244-9061 , and they advised you are welcome to call them to find out if recycled plastics are being picked up that day. As of July 1 , 1992, you can now recycle your plastic milk jugs at curbside. Wash out all liquid, remove the cap and ring, and flatten. Question #5 - regarding un-corrugated cardboard. Your garbage company currently recycles 10 different items at curbside, however, low-grade paper is not one of them. Non-corrugated cardboard is made out of a "low grade waste paper" and there is not a large market for this type of paper at this time. Far West Fibers has a contact with a market which can take a limited amount of this material at this time. If we were to collect this at curbside, we would collect more than the market could use or buy. 13125 SW Hall Blvd.,P.O.Box 23397,Tigard,Oregon 97223 (503)639-4171 Page 2 of 2 • • Gloria Davis Letter July 2, 1992 Question #6 - odd-numbered plastic containers. Nature's Fresh Northwest, 4000 S.W. 117th Avenue, Beaverton, phone number 646-3824, collects #5 plastics, and is trying to find an outlet (or market) for #1 plastics, but has not done so as yet. There is no outlet for #3 plastics that we are aware of in the State. Thank you for your interest in recycling. Hopefully this letter answers your questions. I've enclosed a copy of the recycling services offered by Tigard's haulers which may be a good reference for you as your recycle at home. Another number you may want to call with other recycling questions is the Washington County Haulers' Hotline at 641-4337. Sincerely, a,,,, Loreen Edin Admin. Services /ac Enclosure RECYCLING OFFERED BY ALL TIGARD FRANCHISED HAULERS as of 07101/92 ITEMS RECYCLED RESIDENTIAL COMMERCIAL MULTI-FAMILY (at curbside) Newspaper X X X Corrugated Cardboard X x x Glass Bottles X* X * X Tin (food cans only) X X X Aluminum X X N/A Scrap Metal/ferrous X X N/A Motor Oil X N/A N/A Milk Jugs X N/A N/A Magazines X X N/A High Grade Paper X X N/A Low Grade Paper N/A N/A N/A Yard Debris ** ** ** Clean Wood Waste Concrete/Asphalt Plastic (1 through 7) N/A N/A N/A * - Sorted by color(clear, green, & brown) ** - Fee-for-service drop box pickup is available from franchised haulers N/A - Not available at this time If you have further questions,please contact your franchised hauler at the following numbers: MILLER'S SANITARY SERVICE 644-6161 PRIDE'S DISPOSAL 625-6177 SCHMIDT'S SANITARY SERVICE 639-2378 RECYCLABLE PREPARATION GUIDELINES NEWSPAPER Tie with twine or place in a grocery bag. Do not include magazines,junk mail, or anything that did not come in your newspaper. CORRUGATED CARDBOARD Flatten and tie a manageable amount with twine. Corrugated cardboard has a wavy layer between two thinner layers. No wax-coated cardboard, cereal boxes, or egg cartons. GLASS BOTTLES Empty and wash out all food. Remove lids and sort by color: green, brown, and clear. Labels do not need to be removed. No light bulbs, window glass, mirrors, cookware or drinking glasses. TIN(FOOD CANS ONLY) Empty& wash out all food. Remove paper labels, remove tops and bottoms and flatten. (Cans with rounded bottoms do not need to be flattened.) Tin food and beverage containers only. (See aluminum; a magnet will stick to tin.) ALUMINUM Wash off all food. Separate from other metals. Food trays, foil, and cans are acceptable. (Use a refrigerator magnet to determine aluminum from tin; the magnet won't stick to aluminum.) Scrap metal in manageable amounts, less than 30" long, no more than 40 pounds, and SCRAP METAL Sc p g 9 free of plastic, rubber, or other materials. MOTOR OIL Pour used motor oil into an unbreakable, leak-proof plastic container. Milk jugs with screw- on lids are best. No snap on lids can be accepted since they do not create a tight seal. MILK JUGS Empty and wash out all liquid, remove cap & ring and flatten. MAGAZINES Place in a grocery bag. Magazines have a glossy cover and all inside pages are glossy. Glossy catalogues are acceptable. Do not include newspaper or junk mail. HIGH GRADE PAPER Bond paper and computer paper. Sort and bundle white separate from mixed colored stock. Colored stock includes light shades on bond paper. Astro-brite shades and goldenrod bond, low grade paper, or junk mail is not included. LOW GRADE PAPER NOT AVAILABLE AT THIS TIME. This includes all other kinds of paper stock (including junk mail). Remove glass-windows, gummed stamps, and glossy paper. No newsprint or glossy magazines. YARD DEBRIS Organic matter remaining after landscaping or gardening (i.e., grass clippings, branches, shrubs, plants, weeds, limbs, leaves). Stumps and logs over 4" in diameter are not considered yard debris. CLEAN WOOD WASTE Stumps and logs over 4 inches in diameter or hand sorted, clean boards with no paint, stain or preservatives. Nails okay, but no other metal, plastic, concrete or paper allowed. CONCRETE/ASPHALT Asphalt from roads and driveways. Concrete in pieces under 1 foot, with all metal or rebar removed. No asphalt shingles. PLASTIC (1 THROUGH 7) NOT AVAILABLE AT THIS TIME. Plastic containers are coded on the bottom with a number 1 through 7. Currently, Beaverton Recycling (643-9944) accepts 2, 4, 6 plastic containers on Saturdays only. NEW COVER STORY lasties represent one of the last —and most challenging fron- tiers for re cycling.But those blaz- ing the trail vary in size, influ- UNDER ATTACK ence and depth ofpocket,and the agen- da varies from one pioneer to the next At end,the corporate giants who Are plastic resu producers as eager to recycle their made,and continue to make,their for material as they say they are? a ; tunes in the virgin plastic industry,talk a good recycling game,but many:see that as just talk. Smaller companies, T /`l meanwhile,made the commitment to -B d Oh�i lC. Bruentin plastics recycling without the benefit y g of a safety net of prior involvement in ` virgin plastics.These smaller entities Regardless of where the sentiments collected from curbsides in a 250-mile 1 play it closer to the edge by putting all andloyalties fall in the plastics uni- radius along East Coast states.Around their plastic eggs in the recycling bas- averse,no one denies that the plastic the same time, Quantum Chemical ket,despite weak,glutted markets. resin markets recycled and virgin Corp., Cincinnati, opened a 56,000- Are these two pioneers really out to could not be much worse.For ex- square-foot facility in Heath, Ohio, conquer the same frontier;orare'they w-ample, post-'consumer high-density to process 16,000 tons-of post-con- actually on different paths destined to -pblyethyleneandbolyethylenetereph- sumer HDPE and PET resins annu- collide? thalate price levels tracked by Recy- ally. j' With plastics such a pervasive ele cling Today show the average price of Given the weak market, such en- ! ment in both the consumer and indus- HDPE plummetingsince lastfall,from deavors appear as exercises in bad tim- trial sectors,an accurate production- $185 per ton in November 1991 to$135 ing,but most of the producers foster- to-recycling ratio proves difficult to this past April.Post-consumer PET ing these projects maintain a positive determine.Production of plastics res has followed a'similar course, from spin on their efforts bypresentingthem ins totaled nearly 31.5 million pounds $164 per ton in November to $97 in in the framework of long-term Ben- in 1991,according to year-end statis- April. efits. ' tics from the Society of the Plastics MANY FACTORS.The current situ- "This is something that should be Industry. ation results from "a lot of things done.There's a challenge in making a Susan Moore,director of communi- that have converged on us all at one highly predictable quality product from cations for the Council for Solid Waste time,"says Frank Aronhalt,director a highly unpredictable random-quality Solutions, Washington, hesitates to of environmental affairs and polymer raw material,"says Robert Prioleau, € discuss production figures vs.recycled recycling at Du Pont,Wilmington,Del. manager of the polymers group recy- �' figures outside the realm ofpackaging, "There's the recession, obviously. cling venture, Exxon Co., Houston. €i because packaging is the area where Also,the impact on pricing has been a Exxon opened a$4 million plastics re- the majority of recycling occurs, she destabilizing influence. Virgin resin cycling center in Summerville,S.C.,to prices are down, the price of oil is process up to 10,000tons ayear ofpoly- ('; In accordance with this position, down, and that whole scenario has propylene bale wrap recovered from i' CSWS released apost-consumerplas- created a market for recycled materi- textile mills in southwestern states. tics recycling rate study last Novem- als that has been less attractive than it Prioleau adds that resin producers' y ber,showing polyethylene terephtha- was a few months ago." customers"want to see a track record. late soft drink bottles asthe clearleader In spite of the weak market,a num- They're all looking for a performance i in recycled post-consumer plastic in ber of large producers came on line in record that says we can deliver clean 1990. Recyclers processed about the last several months with full-scale material day in and day out.They don't '! 112,500 tons of PET in that year. recycling facilities.Phillips Petroleum want to become the victim of alearning i While plastics sufferfrom the image Co., in a joint venture with Partek curve." problem of overrunning the waste Corp., opened a 67,000-square-foot But some observers see the move in- stream,data from the U.S. Environ- plant in Tulsa last December to pro- to recycling as less atechnologicalchal- �, mental Protection Agency,Washing- cess 9,000 tons of post-consumer lenge than a response to pressure from ton,indicates otherwise.The most re- HDPE annually.It intends to use the a number of different directions.Pro- cent EPA figures available indicate end product for blending or coex- ducers will be able to pull out of these plastics comprise 8 percent of the total trusion with virgin HDPE resins.One ventures quickly ifnecessary,says Tom ,I municipal solid waste stream—about month later,Union Carbide opened a Rattray, associate director of corpo- i 14 million tons.Of that portion,pack plastic recycling facility to process rate packaging and development for aging accounts for 39.6 percent. Du- 27,000.tons annually of polyethylene Procter&Gamble,Cincinnati. f' rable goods make up the remaining films,and polyethylene terephthalate "I think the resin producers felt they 1' 60.4 percent,according to EPA. and high-density polyethylene bottles had a gun to their heads,"says Rattray, 48/June 1992/RECYCLING TODAY referring to pressure from both the ou legislative and public sectors."I think ' IBC Bales most of them made the decision to get into that business when virgin prices i were a little bit higher,andtheythought 'I C)ut ' they'd come close to breaking even fairly quickly.None of these guys are. " If you look at the way they did it,for iqycli"ng CC)StS put up them r Sal " sig . They are Ih to put up a For Sale sign. They are stand-alone,easy-to-shut-down kinds !i of operations." WARY OF AGENDA.But the small - to medium-sized resin recyclers, for whom recycling serves as a reason for existence rather than a public rela- tions strategy,express wariness of the li corporate agenda. It is difficult to determine an IT accurate production to recycling ratio i In today's recycling for plastics. environment, bigger is notalwa s better. ,! y Jean Curry,operations manager for At IBC, we believe it's Only IBC gives you such Action Recycling,Hayward,Cal.,says more cost efficient to a strong commitment to that while resin producers may not build your system service. Our full-time necessarily be openly attacking the recycling effort,they are,at best,ne- modularly; meet your telephone-service staff glecting it.Curry recently contacted immediate needs, then provides accessible CSWS'West Coast representative for expand with your growth support to your technical some financial support.The represen- -- operationally and people. We maintain a tative gave a less than encouraging i financially. complete parts inventory response,she says. I `What I asked for CSWS to do was to Our in-house and can ship replacement put their money where their mouth is, engineering teams parts same day. And, with and give us—or people like us who utilize state-of-the-art the IBC Baler Care want to recycle plastics—some fund- CAD systems to design Programs", you're assured ing or some grants,because until it's a j balers that meet your of the lowest downtime proven game,nobody wants to committo it,"says Curr "We're a small com- MRF specs. And our record in the industry. pany. I can't set a baler out at every forty years of knowledge IBC Auto-Tie Balers give plant where I pick up scrap plastics. and experience provide you the very best for (The CSWS representative's) whole i an insight into your so much less. Call for feelingwasthat,yes,peopleareinter- roblems unmatched in estedinrecycling,butactuallyputting p information and a free up equipment or something like that is the industry. consultation today. anotherissue." sop-me LACK OF COOPERATION. Curry m , International Baler Corp. stressed that"it's really important that =� people know that the large plastics A subsidiary of Waste Technology Corporation companies are not cooperating,and that 5400 Rio Grande Avenue Jacksonville Florida 32205 the Partnership for Plastics Progress really is going to be nothing but a fig- National-(800)231-9286 • Florida-(904)358-3812•FAX-(904)358-7013 urehead and not really actively pursu- ing the guts of recycling,which is col- ' IVIEIMII NIQ©A lections. I{ Circle 68 on reader service card 50/June 1992/RECYCLING TODAY Plastics Recycling Rates 199 HARRISTMET (tans) O AUTHORIZED DISTRIBUTORS tf ti 120000 I�,ih'��� + , �� E o a o BE EQUIPMENT INC. Quakertown, PA 100000 215-536-0700 4� Baltimore, MD {� 80000 410-561-1333 BSE CORPORATION uj 60000 Richmond Hill, NY 718-441-3131 40000 BSE RECYCLING WORKS CORP. a,s -' '� Winham, NH c 603-894-5306 {, 20000 48 CANADIAN RECYCLING EQUIPMENT & SYSTEMS 0 v Toronto, Canada 0 416-251-5660 f, 210 750 7,000 24,500 30,500 112,500 � CONSOLIDATED EQUIPMENT INC. I Los Angeles, CA 215-583-5050 "They know that they can use it. gram,including the economic and en- cRIGLER ENTERPRISES, INC. We're of the kind to collect in smaller vironmental value and benefits ofplas- 4o4ana744oi quantities,which is where all of this tics,to the general public,policy mak- GLEN L. DE HART & SON INC. usually starts,and yet they're not will- ers and our customers and gain their Chesterfield, MO ' ing to give us anything.Personally,I support for our goals." 314-532-8181 DOOLEY EQUIPMENT have the feeling that the larger plas- Discussion of PPP's agenda with Rochester, NY tics companies are not doing enough to those inside and outside the loop fol- 716-647-3140 help get their products recycled." lows a pattern.In an informal setting, ELY ENTERPRISES OH CAUTIOUS COMMENT.One Kala- man at least hint if not state out- Cleveland, i y � 21 62520900 mazoo,Mich.,resin buyer makes the right,that PPP sees its primary ob- Pittsburgh, PA same point with a wry chuckle when jective as protecting the interests of 412-824-5055 asked whether virgin resin producers the virgin market,where it made its Cincinnati, OH are seekingto control and perhaps fortunes. n more formal settings, 51,"91-1851EQ � ftIfl i p p g � FLORIDA EQUIPMENT even suppress,the plastics recycling sources stay more tight-lipped. & MACHINERY CO. movement. "I do business with all of But Joseph Strohl,executive direc- Lakeland, FL # them,"he says,careful to protect his for of Great Lakes Recycling Consult- FOx1 EQUIPMENT Co. markets,"but use your imagination." ants,Racine,Wis.,is more of an indus- Memphis, IN The agenda of the plastic producers' try watcher than an industry player, 901-363-0909 indust- at least the public version and willingly speaks more freely.He MAY ac MACHINERY CO. INC. y— p g'Y p Y warn, Tx — was still being hammered out at sees PPP as a self-protecting entity, (817) 772-2033 press time by the staff of the Partner- but finds this approach typical. Dallas, TX ship for Plastics Progress,a coalition NOT UNIQUE. "I think that has (214)744-2033 Houston, TX of 25 corporate giants in the plastics been true in all the recycling indus- (713) 869-0397 producing industry whichj oined forces tries at one time or another," says MID-STATES BALER to pump up CSWS'annual budget to Strohl."I think the paper industry,to & SHEAR SYSTEMS, INC. about $50 million, a 200 percent in- a great extent,was the same way in Chicago/Bridgev ew, IL crease overthe present CSWS budget. certain areas.Part of the paper indus- 708430-3888 ' Wisconsin CSWS'metamorphosis into the PPP is try has always used used materials. 800-255-6533 {i expected to be complete by mid-year. Others have never used it.The people MORGAN/RESOURCE CO., INC. Executives from member companies in the glossy and high-quality paper Santa Ana, CA 1 continue to meet after more than a industry have never been too fond of PERIN coOMPANY INC. year to hammer out an agenda and a looking at recycled fibers,so that old Hayward, CA program."We're in the process now of guard is reluctant to do that as well.I 714-667-5024 working a proposed budget and pro- don't think the plastics industry is RECOVERY SYSTEMS CO. Hopkins, MN grams through all the PPP's different unique in that regard." 612-9354330 boards and committees,"says Moore. The issue of incineration arouses RECYCLE SYSTEMS PPP's published mission is to "de- some degree of suspicion.While many Bellevue, tin 206453-9300 velop and implement a strategic, in- speculate that the industry wants to THOMAS P. STEVENS INC. dustry-supported program for the re- burn post-consumer resins in order to Pontiac, MI I ! sponsible use, resource recovery(in- perpetuate the virgin market,produe- 313-674-4155 TRISTATE PROCESS eluding recycling and energy recov- ers talk about the incineration issue in EQUIPMENT INC. ery)and conservation of plastics that the context of a much larger frame- Indian Trail, NC addresses recognized public interests work. 7HARRIS 8974 GROUP { and concerns."In addition,PPP aims "I think you have to take the posi- INTERNATIONAL to "communicate the industry's pro- tion that a long-range strategy should united Kingdom 44-793-613212 i S2/June 1992/RECYCLING TODAY • deal with all types of waste manage- of waste management is as big as we ably going to make more sense to re- ment that have been proven effective," think it is, then there isn't any one cover the fuel value of certain materi- �'" says Exxon's Prioleau."Where there solution to this.There is going to have als.You're not going to be able to sepa- are good standards for doing it safely, to be a spectrum of solutions," says rate a lot of the packaging and thin i, you shouldn't preclude any strategies." Aronhalt."Waste-to-energyincinera- films,so you're going to have to deter- Du Pont's Aronhalt says that while tion at some point is also goingto have mine what is the most efficient way to incineration remains off the top of the to be a part of the whole solution. recover value out of that." j list of options, it deserves consider- You're going to have to make eco- Great Lakes'Strohl readily admits ation,like recycling,as one of anumber nomic solutions.You're going to have that incineration very well could be of alternatives for long-term manage- to recognize that it makes more sense higher on the industry's agenda than it ment of waste. to recover this product this way and cares to admit. "If you really believe that the issue that product another way.It's prob- ECONOMIC SENSE."Economically, for them, it makes some sense," he says."That way they can continue to 1 make and sell all the virgin resin they feedenin O can,and all they're doing at that point ,I is displacing oil and other fuels that are goingup in boilers."He adds,however, that incineration is"not a bad fallback 72X48 position, but before you get to that point the stuff ought to be recycled a few times." Mike Kopulsky,president of Envi- Introducing EPCO'S EX-2000 Incineration could MINI-MRP h f be higher on the l g industry's agenda ` tea Y Because of this 72" x 48" than it cares large feed opening, we have now developed a to admit. hydraulic cart-dumper system, which can lift and dump a 1000#cart in just rothene Inc.,Chino,Cal.,says the in- 30 seconds. dustry is trying to keep a lid on recy- cling initiatives by diluting them with Even better, the final bale other options that may be more favor- gets you heavyweights able for the industry's bottom line,but such as: less effective recovery options. Corrugated 1800-2300# "The PPP,as far as I'm concerned,is Aluminum 15001800# just a pro-incineration group," PET Bottles 1100-1200# Kopulsky says."They'llsaythey'repro- And we can document recycling,but they're just big chemical these numbers. companies that have to protect their interests." Use our MINI—MRF to The partnership,says Kopulsky,is get the perfromance of a the result of heavy hitters in the indus- horizontal for the price try taking a hard look at CSWS'agenda of a vertical. Take ll and finding it too liberal. "This is a good look at the all- group that's saying,`okay,weknow we tubular baler, the need to say recycling is good,but the EX-2000. There is none bottom line is,we have to find a way to larger or better. say that incineration is the answer,"' Call/write or fax for says Kopulsky."They haven't figured details. that out yet,but they will....They're CALL 1-800-836-BALE not saying `don't recycle.' They're E PC(�`) merely trying to water it down." The PPP strategy,says Kopulsky,is EPCO MANUFACTURING CORP. to beefup the alternatives to recycling. 860 Seneca St., Buffalo, NY 14210 • Phone 716-852-2234 • Fax 716-852-6915 "In the end,none of them will threaten their markets,"he says,"because they'll Circle 60 on reader service card 54/June 1992/RECYCLING TODAY I j have five weak alternatives instead of got the answer that everyone's put- to be named says resin producers I a strong solution which will damage- ting all their money on.That's what "would love to shoot the incineration their bottom line." we're battling against.We've got the idea right to the top of the agenda. Kopulsky is one of several indepen- side ofright,and somethingthat makes Burn, baby, burn. No change in the dent plastics recyclers organizing the sense,and something that the general market. Just keep cranking out the Association of Plastics Recyclers.He public understands,and then there's virgin.But they know that won't fly." admits,however,that the APR won't the side that wants to water those There is more to the incineration have the dollar power to compete with efforts down by pouring millions of issue than just economics, he adds. o dollars into their agenda.APR is never "Every new player that comes in and "It's like any other endeavor with going to have that kind of money." says incineration is the right answer numerous viewpoints,"he says."You've A development-level employee of a may be right from a logic and economic got the right answer,and then you've PPP member company who asked not standpoint,but this is neither of those. This is a perceptions and political prob- lem." If there is an old guard within the i; PPP out to protect the interest of vir- BUILT FOR gin plastic,an element also exists within If those same ranks that recognizes the } THE DAILY GRIND partnership's possible hidden agenda. Resin producers Ilwould love to shoot the £e incineration idea -- right to the air top of j the agenda." INNOVATOR IS THE WASTE WOOD TUB GRINDER "A lot of people think PPP stands for the Partnership to Protect the Pro- TOUGH ENOUGH TO RUN ALL DAY, EVERY DAY ducer," says a resin producer. When asked if he agreed with that thinking, he says,"I think that's what's happen- 0 no screens; no clogging; ing." metal contaminants pass through CAVALRY CHARGE.If the recycling without damage movement is indeed under attack from ■ big 54 rotor diameter forboth economics as well as the industry efficient hi h ca aci roduction �je agenda,content legislation may be the g p �'p ,F_a cavalry,says Strohl. "Manufacturers of plastic contain- i ■ diesel or electric powered ers are beingtold through government ■ grinds and discharges in one regulations that they have to use a continuous process certain amount of recycled material in their products.That's kind of the ulti- ■ screening plants-also available Call toll-free mate step." -call for specifications for details! Strohl adds that the glut created by a lack of end markets may become the NEW! HEAVY-DUTY ROTOR WITH 1-800-465-4747 plastics industry's worst enemy. "As 17 LB. HAMMERS NOW AVAILABLE more and more collection programs Innovator Manufacturing Inc. come on line and as the mountains of 120 Weston St., London, plastic continue to pile up,it's going to • VA� Ontario, Canada N6C 1 R4 put more and more pressure on the {{ Tel: (519) 661-0717 plastics industry.The plastics indus- I Fax: (519) 661-0714 try is going to be really embarrassed { j that this stuff that is supposedly recy- clable is building up in mountains." ■ Circle 57 on reader service card 56/June 1992/RECYCLING TODAY I Def ; 1 SOLID WASTE LEGISLATION Table 1.Statewide Solid Waste Managewnt Goals I Source State Reduction Recycling, Composting Other Mandated Deadline i THE STATE OF Alabama 26r7a Yes 1991 Arkansas 4Q%a Yes 2000 1 California 5Yes 2000 GARBAGE Connecticut (C) 25% Yes 1991 Delaware 21% 50%, No 2000 Dist.of Columbia 45% Yes 1994 �++ Florida0% Yes 1995 I Georgia 25Yes 1996 IN AMERICA Hawaii01Q Yes 2000 Illinois 25% Yes 2000 Indiana t19b Yes 2000 IowaOa Yes 2000 Nationwide survey Kentucky 25/u Yes 1997 Louisiana5% Yes 1992 of state laws covers Mainel°f No 1994 recycling goals, disposal Maryland 20%a Yes 1994 Massachusetts 10% 25% 21% 48%a Yes 2000 bans, mandatory deposits, l return requirements for Michigan 8-12% 20-30% 8-12% 35-45%a No 2005 4-6%t manufacturers, advanced Minnesota (G) Yes 1996 disposal fees and market MississippiYes 1996 Missouri Yes 1998 development initiatives. Montana 25°In No 1996 Nebraska 25fo Yes n/a 1 Part II Nevada5alu Yes 1994 I New Hampshire40Yes 2000 Jim Glenn New Jersey 25%h Yes 1990 New MexicoQ`7vYes 2000 New York 6tl"k£ No 2000 EGISLATURES in state capitals North Carolina 25'10 Yes 1993 throughout the nation exhibited an North Dakota 40"'k Yes 2000 unquenchable thirst to dive into sol- id waste management last year.Af- Ohio ^ Yes 1994 ter a relatively quiet 1990,some ob- Oregon 17" Yes 2000 J servers thought the flood of waste Pennsylvania (J) 25% Yes 1997 reduction legislation had abated. The 1991 flurry by lawmakers indicates Rhode Island 15%k Yes 1993 how wrong those observers were. South Carolina 3#I'fa Yes 1997 For Arkansas, Hawaii, Nevada, South South Dakota 50a1a No 2005 Carolina, Tennessee, Texas and West Vir- ginia, 1991 was the year to pass their ver- Tennessee 25n Yes 1996 sions of comprehensive waste reduction Texas 4t)9te Yes 1994 mandates.For Maine,New Jersey,Vermont Vermont 4t) No 2000 and others that previously had laws on the books, this was a year to make modest ad- Virginia 25% Yes 1995 justments. Washington 50% Yes 1995 Illinois and Minnesota continued the tra- l dition of passing some form of waste reduc- West Virginia 5#1"io Yes 2010 tion laws annually.Other legislatures prefer =Includes yard waste composting;°May include 10 percent waste transformation;=Goal is no change in waste to pass a bill and then not revisit the issue generation rate;°15%goal for counties under 100,000,20%goal for counties over 100,000,-Incineration; for lengthy periods.Back in 1983,for exam- Reuse;045%goal in the seven county, Twin Cities area;30%in greater Minnesota;nDoes not include leaf ple,Oregon started the present drive toward composting as part of the goal.In 1990,a solid waste management task force recommended a 60%re, IngJ recycling with its "Opportunity to Recycle" aste Management Plan,although rGoal is to reduce the amrently not mandated ount of waste generated iGoal was Rhode Island's ultursuant to imate gr ae State lislto recycle legislation. That law wasn't touched again as much as possible. 30 BIOCYCLE MAY 1992 I (Arkansas, Hawaii, Kentucky, Nevada, North Dakota, Oregon, South Carolina, Table 2.States with Legislation Requiring Municipalities to Pass Mandatory Ordinances Tennessee,Texas and West Virginia)passed goals ranging from 25 to 50 percent. Municipalities These states have opted for the more all- state involved Deadline Act ID encompassing goal of waste reduction rather than recycling, as do a majority of Connecticut All 1/91 PA 90-220 other states. Most also don't differentiate Dist.of Columbia N/a 4/90a 7-226-1989 the methods of achieving their goals.The ex- New Jersey All 8/88 PL 1987,C.107 ception to that is South Carolina which set New York All 9/92 Chap.70-1988 an overall goal of 30 percent waste reduction Pennsylvania Population of by 1997 and a recycling goal (which is part 5,000 or greaterb 9/26/91 101-1988 of the overall goal) of 25 percent. However, Rhode Island= All — 23-18-1986 in this case,no more than 40 percent of the West Virginia Population of 10,000 or greater 10/93 SB 18-1991 recycling goal, which is defined to include composting, can be met by removal of the aThe 4190 deadline was for residents only.The deadline for recycling at commercial establishments was 10190. solid waste stream of yard waste,land clear- bAll municipalities with 10,000 and above must pass mandatory ordinances. For municipalities with ing debris, and construction and demolition populations between 5,000 and 10,000,only those that have a population density of 300 people per square debris." mile must pass ordinances. For the better part of the last decade, Deadline based on the implementation schedule for each municipality. waste reduction legislation has centered on requiring municipalities to develop recy- cling programs. In general, there are three approaches which have been utilized. One Table 3.State Legislation Requiring Local Government Units to Develop Recycling Programs type of law mandates that municipalities re- quire generators to separate recyclables, Local Government and in some cases compostables,from waste State Units Involved Deadline Act ID and have it collected and further processed. In 1991, West Virginia became the first Alabama Counties3 5/92 824-1989 state in two years to pass one of these so- Arizona Cities and counties Not set HB 2574-1990 called mandatory recycling laws,joining five Arkansas Counties 7/92 HB 1447-1991 other states and the District of Columbia. Californiab Cities and counties — AB 939-1989 The most popular form of waste reduction Maryland Counties 1/94 HB 714-1988 legislation requires local governments to Minnesota Counties 10/90 115A-1989 reach specified goals. Prior to 1991, 15 Nevada Counties over 40,000 not set AB 320-1991 states had passed such laws and last year— North Carolina, 7/91 SB 111 -1989 Hawaii, Nevada, Oregon and Tennessee — Oregond Municipality 7/92 SB 66-1991 South Carolina Counties Not set HB 388-1991 all joined that club.Additionally, Connecti- Vermont SW Management districts Not set 78-1987 cut, which had an existing mandatory law, Virginiae Municipalities — 1743-1989 passed legislation dictating municipalities Washington Cities and counties — ESHB 1671 -1989 also reach the statewide 25 percent recy- cling goal. aLocal municipalities can develop programs on their own if they choose. Oregon's "Opportunity to Recycle" law bNo deadline for establishing programs,but each city and county must reach a 25%waste diversion goal by was the first which required local govern- 1995. ments to provide some form of recycling ser- Designated local government of which 90 are counties and 15 are municipalities. vice to residents. In 1991,Arkansas, Neva- Oregon's original legislation(SB 405)was effective July 1, 1986. Wo deadline for establishing programs,but each municipality must reach an interim recycling goal of 10% da and South Carolina enacted this type of for the 1991 calendar year. legislation,joining 10 others that had done tDeadline is 7191 for Spokane,Snohomish,King,Pierce and Kitsap Counties;7/92 for all other counties west so previously. Of the Cascade Mountains;7/94 for all counties east of the Cascade Mountains. DISPOSAL BANS 'I until last year,when lawmakers did a major Banning certain waste products from dis- rewritp;significantly strengthening it. posal facilities continues to be popular with Wkile most legislation still focuses on the legislators. Lawmakers over the years have supply side of recycling,either pushing mu- focused particularly on materials coming uicipalities into recycling and composting or from vehicles, such as batteries, tires and restricting how materials can be disposed of, oil. 1991 saw considerable attention focused on While there is still a strong emphasis on markets, with states enacting tax credits these products, as well as yard waste and and other financial incentives.Additionally, white goods, another item which is becom- numerous states added or expanded pro- ing the target of bans is dry cell batteries. curement provisions, while others have be- Last year saw three states ban some forms gun to study what is needed to boost mar- of consumer batteries. In HB 7216, Con- kets through the convening of high-level necticut placed a disposal ban on mercury market development committees. oxide batteries.Minnesota,through SB 793, prohibits the disposal of rechargeable nick- SETTING GOALS OF 25 TO 50 PERCENT el-cadmium batteries.The Vermont legisla- By the end of 1991, 41 states have ture passed a ban on mercuric oxide, silver put some type of waste reduction goal on oxide nickel-cadmium and sealed lead acid the books. Of those, all but seven are leg- batteries used in commercial applications. islative goals. Last year, 10 states Additionally, Vermont's HB 124 bans the BIOCYCLE MAY 1992 81 year, five states passed bans on motor oil and four restricted the disposal of white Table 4.State Legislation Requiring Local government Units to Reach Specified Waste goods. To date, each has been banned in 12 Reduction goals states.The white goods ban in Illinois N not absolute, targeting only those appliances Type of which contain CFC gases,mercury switches State Goal Deadline Govt. Unit Act ID and/or PCBs. MANDATORY DEPOSITS AND RETURN Alabama 25% 5/92 County/city 824-1989 REQUIREMENTS California 50%a 1/2000 County/city AB 939-1989 Connecticut 25% 10/91 Municipality PA 91-92 Over the past several years,it has become Florida 30% 12/31/94 County SB 1192-1988 increasingly popular to attempt to shift Georgia 25% 1996 County/city SB 533-1990 some of the burden of waste disposal and the Hawaii 50% 1/2000 County HB 954-1991 recovery of materials back to the manufac- Illinois 25% 1/2000b County PA 85-1198 turers of products. One approach is to re- Iowa 50% 1/2000 County/city HF 753-1989 quire manufacturers to accept products or Louisiana 25% 12/31/92 Parish 185-1989 packages after their useful life has expired. Maryland 20%d 1994 County HB 714-1988 The first attempts were to place deposits on Minnesota 35/0 12/31/93 County HF1;S.S.89 Nevada 25% not set Countyt AB 320-1991 certain beverage containers. While manda- New Jersey 25% 1/90 Municipality PL 1987,C.107 tory deposits on beverage containers is in North Carolina 25% 1/93 —9 SB 111 -1989 force in nine states,none has been passed in Ohio 25% 6/24/94 SW Planning dist. HB 592-1988 10 years. However, recently, deposit/take Oregon —h 1/96 County/city SB 66-1991 back requirements have been applied with Rhode Island 15% —i Municipality 23-18,23-19 increasing frequency to other products, &37-15-1986 most notably vehicle batteries. The first ve- South Carolina 30% 5/97 County HB 388-1991 hicle battery deposit law was passed by the Tennessee 25% 1/96 County HB 1252-1991 Rhode Island legislature in 1987. In 1991 Vermont 40% 1/2000 SW Mgmt dist. 78-1987 three states—Arkansas, Idaho and South Virginia 25% 12/31/95 Municipality HB 1743-1989 Carolina —put deposits on vehicle batter- aMay include 10%waste transformation. ies. The Arkansas deposit is $10.00, while bCounties with populations of more than 100,000 must reach goal by 3/97,all other must reach the goal by the other two are$5.00. 112000. What has become even more prominent Also targets cities with more than 50,000 population. than deposits is requiring retailers, and a2O%Recycling rate for counties with populations of more than 100,000; 15%recycling rate for counties then wholesalers in turn,to take back prod- with populations of less than 100,000. ucts. Last year, six states passed laws with 035% Recycling rate for the seven counties in the Twin Cities Metro area;25% for the remainder of take back provisions for vehicle batteries. Minnesota's counties. That brings the total of states with such pro- Only applies to counties with populations greater than 40,000. visions to 15. gDesignated Local Government,of which there are 90 counties and 15 municipalities. This past year also saw states use this hVaries from 45%in Portland area counties to 7%in the most rural counties P Y Within three years of a program's implementation. same concept in conjunction with other ma- terials.Kansas and Nevada now require re- disposal of retail nickel-cadmium batteries tailers to take back tires when new ones are and bans alkaline batteries from incinera- sold. Connecticut passed legislation man- tors. dating retailers take back mercuric oxide Seventeen states passed bans on at least batteries. These are firsts for the U.S. one waste material last year. South Caroli- This year also saw another approach to re- na—which banned vehicle batteries,tires quiring that manufacturers become resPo n- motor oil,white goods and yard waste—had sible for their products.Minnesota's SB 793 the largest list. It was followed by Oregon, requires that the manufacturers must come which banned four items, and Arkansas, up with a system to collect nickel-cadmium North Dakota, Tennessee and West Vir- batteries by 1994.Vermont's HB 124 also re- ginia,each of which banned three materials. quires that manufacturers of some dry cell Oregon's list not only included automobile batteries"ensure that a system for the prop- related products, but discarded vehicles as er collection,transportation and processing" well. be put in place. The most popular ban is on vehicle bat- teries. To date, 33 states have passed such ADVANCED DISPOSAL FEES restrictions, with 10 doing so in 1991. Last Advanced disposal fees (ADF) have been year, seven states banned the disposal of considered for a wide variety of products and whole tires, bringing that number to 21 packages,but states have put fees on only a overall. narrow range of products. Of the 27 states The ban which can have the greatest ef- with some form of ADF,all put them on tires fect on reducing the amount of waste being and 22 exclusively so. Motor oil is taxed in disposed of is on yard waste. In 1991, four another three states and white goods in two. states—Arkansas, Maine, South Carolina In the last year,eight states passed ADFs. and West Virginia—passed legislation pro- In addition to tires,two states targeted oth- hibiting it from going to disposal sites. Six- er products. Texas also included a $.02 per teen states now have yard waste bans on the quart fee on motor oil and South Carolina books. put ADFs on motor oil ($.08/gallon) and The two other materials most often white goods ($2.00 each). The fees on tires banned are motor oil and white goods. Last range from$1.00 each in six of the states,to 32 BIOCYCLE MAY 1992 $1.50 in Arkansas and $2.00 in Texas. One twist to South Carolina's fees comes in where they are collected.While most states Table 5.Disposal Bans For Selected Waste Materials mak6 retailers responsible for collection, South Carolina collects the fees for motor oil Vehicle Yard Motor White and white goods from wholesalers. State Batteries Tires Waste Oil Goods Others Perhaps one reason for ADFs' popularity is that they provide a substantial funding Arkansas x x x — — — source. In most cases, the monies are uti- Arizona x x — — — — lized to fund tire cleanup and recovery pro- Connecticut — — — — — x+ grams. However, in South Carolina and Florida x x x x x x= Texas,the funds will be used to help finance Georgia x — — — — — all state waste reduction efforts. Hawaii x — — — — — Idaho x x — — — — TARGETING SPECIAL WASTES Illinois x x x — x3 — In a number of instances,states have gone Iowa x x x x — x4 Kansas x — further than simply putting an ADF on a Louisiana x x — — x — ' material and/or banning it from disposal Maine — — x — — — sites and have developed comprehensive Maryland — x — — — — management programs. This is particularly Massachusetts x x x — x x5 true in the case of tires and used oil.For in- Michigan x — x — — — stance, 1991 saw Arkansas pass laws which Minnesota x x x x x x6 developed a permit program for waste tire Mississippi x — — — — — facilities,required solid waste management Missouri x x x x x — districts to establish collection sites and pro- New Hampshire x _ — — — — vided grants for the cleanup and processing New Jersey x — x New York x of waste tires. Texas has put a program in P P �' North Carolina x x x x x — place which again permits waste tire facili- North Dakota x — — x x — ties and also helps to pay the cost of shred- Ohio x x x — — — ding and processing tires. South Carolina Oregon x x — x x x8 permits tire facilities and uses grants to Pennsylvania x — x9 — — — fund a variety of activities related to cleanup Rhode Island x — — — — — and processing. South Carolina x x x x x — — — — — South Carolina and Texas also now have South Dakota x xTennessee x x x — — — laws which require the registration of used Texas x x — x — — oil haulers and processors and give out Utah x — — — — — grants for a variety of public education and Vermont x x x x x1a collection activities. South Carolina's law Virginia x — — — —also mandates that the Department of Washington x — — x — — Transportation establish collection sites if West Virginia x x x — — — none exist in a county. Wisconsin x x x x x x» MARKET DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVES Mercury Oxide Batteries,ZDemolition Debris;3White goods containing CFC gases, mercury switches and States have come to recognize that the PCBs;<Nondegradable grocery bags and carbonated beverage containers,5Glass and metal containers, recyclable paper and single polymer plastics,6Nickel-Cadmium rechargeable batteries;7Leaves;aDiscarded glue that holds recycling together is the vehicles;9Leaves&brush;10rious dry cell batteries; ,Metal,glass,and plastic containers,and recyclable marketplace. Although they can do little paper about the recession that grips most of the country, they recognize even small efforts aid the cause. ry and voluntary programs,set off a reaction One approach several states have taken is throughout the newsprint industry that has to directly intervene in the market. Several resulted in plans to develop numerous years ago, Connecticut became the first deinking mills both in the U.S.and Canada. state to require newspaper publishers to uti- In the past year, six states—North Car- lize newsprint made with recycled paper. olina, Oregon, Rhode Island, Texas, West This initiative,coupled with other mandato- Virginia and Maryland—have joined seven states with pre-1991 recycled content laws. The content standards vary significantly, ranging from Oregon's 7.5 percent of post- Recycled Content Standards Passed in 1991 consumer fiber to West Virginia's require- ment that 80 percent of the newsprint used State Material % Deadline by newspaper publishers contain the high- est postconsumer recycled paper content Maryland Phone directories 40 2000 Practicable. For the most part, the stan- North Carolina Newsprint 40 1997 dards are to be phased in over the next five Oregon Newsprint 7.5 1995 or more years. Oregon Phone directories 25 1995 Now that content standards for newsprint Oregon Glass containers 50 2000 have started to take hold around the coun- Oregon Plastic containers 25 1995 try, lawmakers are beginning to utilize Rhode Island Newsprint 40 2001 them to tackle other products as well. In Texas Newsprint 30 2001 1991, Maryland and Oregon passed laws West Virginia Newsprint 80 1997 which require phone directories have recy- BIOCYCLE MAY 1992 33 cled content of 40 percent and 25 percent re- spectively.Oregon also put in place recycled content standards for plastic and glass con- Table 7.State Financial Incentives to Produce tainers. goods made with Recycled Materials ` Besides pushing companies to make more products with recycled materials through State Tax Credits Loans Grants Other recycled content laws, states can also be helpful in aiding manufacturers develop fa- Arkansas Yes — — — cdities that make those products. Prior to California Yes Yes Yes — 1991, seven states had developed tax credit Colorado Yes — — — incentives for equipment used in the recy- Florida — — — Sales Tax cling process. Last year, six more—includ- Exemption ing Arkansas, Colorado, Louisiana, Mon- Illinois — Yes Yes —a tana,New Mexico and Oklahoma—passed Iowa — — — Sales Tax such legislation. The amount of the credit — — Exemption given on income tax ranges from Colorado's Louisiana Yes � ig Maine — Yes — — 20 percent to Louisiana's 50 percent (al- Maryland Yes Yes Yes — though, in Louisiana, no more than 20 per- Mass. — Yes — — cent can be claimed in any one year). Michigan — Yes Yes — Montana put an innovative piece of tax Minnesota — Yes Yes — legislation on the books last year. In addi- Missouri — — — —b tion to providing for a 25 percent income tax Montana Yes — — — credit,the state now gives a tax deduction to New Jersey Yes Yes Yes Sales Tax encourage businesses to purchase recycled — — Exemption goods. The law, SB 111 allows for a deduc- New Mexico Yes g New York — Yes Yes — North Carolina Yes — — — Oklahoma Yes — — — Oregon Yesc — Yes — D osit Laws Pennsylvania _ Yes Yes Table 6.State Mandatory eP Vermont Yes Virginia Yes — — Pers.Prop. Type of Deposit or Effective Tax Exemp. State Product Take Back Act ID Year Date Wisconsin — Yes Yes Sales Tax Exemption Arizona Vehicle batteries Take Back HB 2012 1990 9/90 Arkansas Vehicle batteries Deposit HB 1170 1991 7/92 aAllows local governments to grant property tax abatement. Connecticut Beverage containers Deposit Sec.22A-243-246 1978 1980 °Missouri has committed$1,000,000 per year over the next Mercury oxide bat. Take Back HB 7216 1991 1/92 five years from its disposal fees to fund market development, Delaware a Beverage containers Deposit Title 7,Chap.60 1979 1982 but has not determined the exact nature of the programs. Idaho Vehicle batteries Deposit HB 122 1991 7/91 c0regon has three separate tax credits that pertain to market Illinois Vehicle batteries Deposit PA86-723 1989 9/90 development. Iowa Beverage containers Deposit Chap.445C 1978 1979 Kansas Tires Take Back HB 2407 1991 5/91 Louisiana Vehicle batteries Take Back 185 1989 8/89 tion of 5 percent"of the taxpayer's expendi- Maine Beverage containers Deposit PL 1975,C.739 1975 1978 tures for the purchase of recycled material (As amended) that was otherwise deductible by the tax- Massachusetts Beverage containers Deposit 301 CMR 4.00 1981 1983 payer as a business-related expense." Michigan Beverage containers Deposit MCL 445.571-.576 1976 1978 In addition to these financial and market (As amended) incentives, a number of states recognize Vehicle batteries Deposit PA 20 1990 1/93 that advances in market development re- Minnesota Vehicle batteries Deposit 115A.9561 1989 10/89 Mississippi Vehicle batteries Take Back SB 2985 1991 7/91 quire the coordinated action of many players Missouri Vehicle batteries Take Back SB 530 1990 1/91 in both the public and private sector.To that Nevada Tires Take Back AB 320 1991 1/92 end, 1991 could easily be called the year of New Jersey Vehicle batteries Take Back SB 2700 1991 10/91 the "Recycled Market Development Coun- New York Beverage containers Deposit Title 10,C.2001982 1983 cil". At least seven states—Arkansas, Illi- Vehicle batteries Take Back Chap.152 1990 1/91 nois, Mississippi, Oregon, South Carolina, North Carolina Vehicle batteries Take Back HB 620 1991 10/91 Tennessee,and Washington—formed such North Dakota Vehicle batteries Take Back HB 1060 1991 1/92 advisory units. While their mandates are Oregon Beverage containers Deposit ORS 459.810-.890 1971 1972 varied,the general purpose is identical—to Vehicle batteries Take Back HB 3305 1989 1/90 improve market conditions in their respec- Pennsylvania Vehicle batteries Take Back 101 1988 9/88 Rhode Island Vehicle batteries Deposit 23-60-1 1987 7/89 tive states. South Carolina Vehicle batteries Deposit SB 366 1991 5/92 Texas Vehicle batteries Take Back SB 1340 1991 9/91 Utah Vehicle batteries Take Back HB 146 1991 1/92 PROCUREMENT PROVISIONS Vermont Beverage containers Deposit Title 10,C.53 1972 1973 Virtually every state in the country has Washington Vehicle batteries Deposit ESHB 1671 1989 8/89 passed some form of legislation encouraging Wisconsin Vehicle batteries b 335 1990 1/91 governmental purchase of products made Wyoming Vehicle batteries Take Back WS 35-11-509-513 1989 6/89 from recycled materials. Legislation tends to focus on two things: Eliminating any bi- aAny container that holds a carbonated beverage,except aluminum cans. ases against recycled products; and price bRetailers are required to accept old lead acid batteries when a person purchases a new one and may place preferences, particularly for paper and ga- up to a$5.00 deposit on a battery which is sold. per products.Additionally,some states have 34 BIOCYCLE MAY 1992 e begun to direct that agencies make specific purchases of recycled products. One such law in Illinois passed this year, HB 2020, requires that by July 1, 2000, 50 percent of the "total dollar value of paper and paper products" must be recycled. A newly passed Arkansas law has a progres- sive goal which aims to reach 60 percent of paper purchases by calendar year 2000. Oregon requires that by January 1, 1993,no less than 25 percent of paper product pur- chases be made from recycled paper, in- creasing to 35 percent in 1995. West Vir- ginia has a goal which directs the state "to achieve a recycled product mix on future purchases"of 20 percent by the end of 1993 and 40 percent two years later. Procurement requirements are going far Collection of used oil and other special wastes is on the rise at facilities such as beyond paper these days. In addition to Burlington,Vermont's Environmental Depot. merely telling procurement agencies they have to give a preference to recycled prod- ucts, states are now targeting what materi- Tab/e&States With Packaging/Prodect Taxes or Fees als have to be procured. For instance, Ore- gon's SB 66 requires purchase of re-refined oil by both state and other public agencies. Type of Type of Effective Illinois mandates that recycled cellulose in- State Product/Packaging Fee/Tax Act/D Year Date sulation be used in weatherization projects done with state funds.Texas can grant a 15 Arizona Tires 2%/New Tirea HB 2687 1990 9/90 percent life-cycle price preference for rub- Arkansas Tires $1.50/New Tire HB 1170 1991 7/91 berized asphalt. Maine passed a bill which California Tires $.25/New Tire AB 1843 1989 7/70 requires compost to be used on all public Florida Tires $1.00/New Tire SB 1192 1988 1/90 land maintenance and landfill closures that Newsprint $.10/Tonb 1/89 use state funds. Glass,Metal& $.01/Containerc 10/92 Plas.Containers Idaho Tires $1.00/New Tire HB 352 1991 7/91 STATE FUNDING Illinois Tires $1.00/New Tire HB 989 1991 7/92 Kansas Tires $.50/New Tire SB 310 1990 7/90 With state budgets in the shape they're in Kentucky Tires $1.00/New Tire HB 32 1990 1/91 passing a piece of legislation without pro- Louisiana Tires Not yet set Act 185 1989 n/a viding a funding source can only lead to one Maine Tires $1.00/New Tire Chap.5851989 7/90 thing- inaction. Fortunately, most states White Goods $5.00 each (as amended) 7/90 have learned that lesson. For instance, Brown Goods $5.00 each 7/90 when Wisconsin passed its waste reduction Vehicle Battery $1.00/Battery 7/90 legislation last year, it failed to pass a con- Maryland Tires $1.00/New Tires HB 1202 1991 2/92 tinuing funding source with it. This year, Michigan Tires $.50/Title Act 133 1990 1/91 lawmakers rectified that shortcoming by es- Transfer tablishing a surcharge on its income tax for Minnesota Tires $4.00/ritle Chap 654 1984 9/84 businesses.The additional tax,which aver- Transfer ages about five percent,with a cap of$9,800, Mississippi Tires $1.00/New Tires SB 2985 1991 1/92 is reportedly expected to raise more than Missouri Tires $.50/New Tire SB 530 1990 1/91 Nebraska Tires $1.00/New Tire LB 163 1990 10/90 $30 million yearly until it expires in 1998. Nevada Tires $1.00/New Tire A 320 1991 1/92 The ever popular landfill tip fee surcharge North Carolina Tires 1%Sales Tax SB 111 1989 1/90 was passed by four more states this year.Ten- Oklahoma Tires $1.00/New Tire HB 1532 1989 7/89 nessee put a$.85/ton fee in place. Mississip- Oregon Tires $1.00/New Tire HB 2022 1987 1/88 pi's rate is pegged at$1.00/ton.Arkansas has Rhode Island Tires $.50/New Tire H 55044 1989 1/90 two separate rates,$1.50/ton for waste going Motor Oil $.05/Qt. 1/90 to municipal solid waste disposal facilities Antifreeze $.10/Gal. 1/90 and$.50/ton for captive industrial sites.West Organic Solvents $.0025/Gal. 1/90 Virginia's rate of$2.00/ton was the highest South Carolina Tires $1.00/New Tire SB 388 1991 11/91 Motor Oil $.08/Gal. 11/91 passed this year. Oregon increased an exist- White Goods $2.00 each 11/91 ing$.50/ton fees by$.35.In all, 18 states now Texas Tires $2.00/New Tire SB 1340 1991 9/91 have landfill surcharges. Motor Oil $.02/Qt. 9/91 Besides using a variety of advanced dis- Utah Tires $1.00/New Tire HB 34 1990 1/91 posal fees to fund the overall program like Virginia Tires $.50/New Tire HB 1745 1989 1/90 South Carolina has done,the other approach Washington Tires $1.00/New Tire ESHB 1671 1989 10/89 initiated this year was North Dakota's sur- Wisconsin Tires $2.00/Tires on WA 110 1987 5/88 charge applied to garbage collection bills. New Vehicles North Dakota's collection tax, which is also Jax cannot exceed$2.00/tire; °Increases to$.50/ton in 1992 if newsprint is not made with at least 500% used in Minnesota and Washington, ranges recycled fiber;df a 50%recycling rate is not achieved for these containers by 1992.The fee will increase to from $.20 per month for accounts charged $.02/container if a 50%rate is not reached by 1995.4$3.00/Each new vehicle purchased to cover all hard to $10 or less to one percent of the gross re- dispose of materials. ceipts for those over$500 per month. ■ BIOCYCLE MAY 1992 37 ns r mw 'A Wastes Apsociation island Avenue,NW x Suite l0U6 Washington DC 20036 (202)6594613 ©NSWMA 1988 :a a3 r. y tyyy� i _ Heading off they garbage crisis _vl �a 9 • ., ow many throw-away ball fields in a layer of garbage conveniences have you ten feet deep. It takes 50,000 Measuring come to enjoy—even take for trucks working every day to granted—in your home, on the haul this pile of refuse away. effectiveness job, or when you're out having • Around the country, 85 percent Recycling: an fun? So man that experts have of our trash is buried in called the U.S. a"disposable soci- landfills. But specialists have Recently, the National Solid ety."Yet those disposable prod- calculated that over half of our Wastes Management As environmental ciation interviewed public offs- ucts and other trash have also cities will run out of landfill ca- cials in approximately 200 vil- resource helped us to set a world record pacity within ten years. Even lages, towns and cities about 0 for the mountain of garbage that so, public officials are ex- their recycling efforts. In 13 Recycling can play a vital we produce each year. Just tremely reluctant to approve cases, these communities provide role in reducing our nation's consider: the construction of new or ex- curbside collection services and garbage disposal requirements. • Since 1960, the volume of ref- panded facilities. require local residents to sepa- Together with waste reduction use discarded in the U.S. has • As existing space is used up, rate recyclable materials; all but efforts, waste-to-energy plants jumped from 78 million tons a disposal costs are climbing. two of them reported participa- and landfills, it forms an essen- year to nearly 150 million. Whereas the average"tipping tion rates of 50 percent or more. tial part of our nation's overall That's an average of about fee"paid by refuse collectors to Where voluntary programs are strategy to manage trash dis- three and a half pounds per unload at landfills in 1982 was involved those which offered posal efficiently. By combining day for every American— $10.80 per ton, today it has household collection (26 cases) all four of these major elements, twice as much as most other risen to over$20. In many averaged around 33 percent. we will continue to enjoy the industrialized nations. parts of the country, waste dis- level of service which most of us • Each year, we generate about posal now absorbs a major expect, while protecting public 450 million cubic yards of trash share of municipal budgets. health and safeguarding the —enough to bury 26,000 foot- environment. How recycling Inside the programs work nation's trash can Collecting and separating re- more people cooperate when re- I f we were to sift through the cyclable materials does not cyclables are picked up on the 1 tons of garbage which are pro- guarantee their reuse. Unless a same day as regular trash— duced every year, we would find market exists, they cannot be re- probably because there is less that much of it involves paper in Arned to commerce—which is chance of forgetting to set these one form or another: newspapers, hat recycling requires. And materials out at the curb. Alter- magazines, cardboard boxes, of- that market depends on a range native steps include door-to-door fice trash and packaging materi- of factors which local recycling pickup by volunteer groups— als. Other common items include programs must take into ac- scouts, churches, schools, etc. — glass bottles, aluminum cans, count: the price and availability or by private haulers who resell steel, plastics,yard clippings of virgin raw materials, the rela- waste products to brokers and and food waste: tive cost of processing reclaimed manufacturers. products, and the general state of Finally, in some areas, recy- , '+ the country's economy. Each cling is mandated by statute. In community will find that its recy- New Jersey, for example, state Or cling opportunities and needs are law requires local communities different. to carry out comprehensive recy- In addition, many communities cling efforts. Where such pro- have discovered that public re- grams exist, city and town gov- Paper and Paperboard sponse is best when programs ernments have usually set penal- are"easy to use."This is impor- ties for failing to separate re- 42.1% tant, because successful pro- cyclables, adhere to collection Wams almost always require schedules or follow other simple useholders,businesses and procedures. These penalties in- other participants to separate clude warnings and fines; in ex- Food and Yard Waste their trash at the source —be- treme cases, municipal officials fore collection takes place. One may even refuse to pick up a 3.4% solution: local governments and violator's trash. Glass private companies have some- times provided special color- Metals 9.4% coded containers for different materials— say, glass, paper Plastics 9.2%, and aluminum—to make sepa- ? Other ration as easy as possible. 9A% Similarly, participation rates a National Waste Profile rise where programs offer Source:Franklin Associates,Characterize- curbside pickup instead of re- tion of Municipal solid wastes in the united States, IM to 2000,Prepared for the U.S. quiring homeowners to use desig- Environmental Protection Agency,1984; nated collection centers. And ` " .� Trash that's going to waste F or most eo le it doesn't P P � Plastic containers are increas- 1' seem right to throw some- ingly finding a second life as thing away that can be salvaged fiberfill stuffing for pillows, ski and reused. That's the idea be- jackets, sleeping bags and hind recycling. Before valuable automobile seats. As new mar- materials reach the landfill, we kets are developed, the recy- can intercept them and manufac- cling rate for plastic soft drink ture new, useful products. Today, bottles is expected to rise far about 10 percent of our total above today's 20 percent. + waste stream— 15 million tons • Rubber tires can be reproc- _" per year—is recovered and re- essed or burned as a fuel to turned to commerce. Here are produce energy. some examples: Of course, not everything can Aluminum cans are widely re- be recycled. Soiled or coated pa- ' ' cycled because it is much per, disposable diapers, certain - ""- cheaper to reclaim them than plastics, empty paint cans— _ r = to make new aluminum from none of these is likely to find an . bauxite ore. Already, more eager buyer. Like other trash, a ' than half of these cans are they must be sent to a combus- ,} reused;by the 1990s, container tion facility or landfill. And even- manufacturers expect to collect tually, even recycled materials 75 percent of the 50 billion wear out or deteriorate. Still, beverage cans that are thrown well-run recycling programs can away every year. play a major role in reducing our _ • Paper is our most plentiful dis- overall disposal needs: up to 20 card. Nearly 30 percent of all or 25 percent of the country's paper is now reused to make waste stream can be recovered � insulation,building materials and reused. or other paper products. In all, • about 13 million tons are re- covered each year—including 4 million tons that are ex- ported to foreign markets. • Glass bottles and jars are also ,- in high demand. About 5 bil- lion of these are collected and remelted each year to produce new containers. By using"cul- let"(crushed glass)instead of virgin raw materials, manufac- turers also reduce the air and water emissions that often oc- cur when new glass is made.