Ordinance No. 82-78 CITY OF TIGARD, OREGON
ORDINANCE NO. 82-_ f
AN ORDINANCE ADOPTING THE ENERGY ELEMENT OF THE TIGARD COMPREHENSIVE PLAN; AND
DECLARING AN EMERGENCY.
WHEREAS, the City of Tigard finds it necessary to revise its Comprehensive
Plan periodically to improve the operation and implementation of that Plan;
and
WHEREAS, the Tigard Planning Commission has recommended the adoption of a
citywide Comprehensive Plan Element on Energy, after holding a public hearing
regarding the same; and
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WHEREAS, the proposed Energy Element has been reviewed by the Committee for
Citizen Involvement of the City of Tigard; and
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WHEREAS, the proposed Element has been the subject of comments from the City's
Neighborhood Planning Organizations (NPO'S) and individual citizens; and
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WHEREAS, after considering the comments of the Planning Commission, the
Committee for Citizen Involvement, Neighborhood Planning Organizations and t
individual citizens, the Council believes that the Energy Element of the E
Tigard Comprehensive Plan should be adopted in the form set forth in Exhibit
"A" attached hereto and, by this reference, made a part hereof:
f NOW, THEREFORE, }}
ET THE CITY OF TIGARD ORDAINS AS FOLLOWS: 4
Section 1: The Energy Element of the Tigard Comprehensive Plan, as set forth
in Exhibit "A", consisting of a title page and nine pages of text be, and the
same hereby is, adopted as a part of the citywide Comprehensive Plan of the
City of Tigard.
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Section 2: In revising and compiling the Tigard Comprehensive Plan, the
Planning Director is authorized and directed to edit the Plan as necessary to
provide a readable text; however, the Director shall not edit or change any
policy or implementation strategy adopted in Exhibit "A" and shall present all ,
portions of the edited Comprehensive Plan to the City Council for its approval.
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Section 3: In order to provide a uniform date for the effectiveness of this
series of Comprehensive Plan revisions to be adopted by the City Council in
1982, an emergency is declared and this portion of the Comprehensive Plan :
shall become effective on January 1, 1983.
PASSED: By vote of all Council members present, after being
read b num r and title only, thisday of , 1982.
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Recorder - City of Tigard
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APPROVED: By the Mayor, this IS day ofQ1. , 1982.
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Mayor City of Tigard
ORDINANCE NO. 82-17*
' (File 0333A)
ENERGY
Comprehensive Plan Report
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CMICNT11FARD
WA3HiNGTON COUNTY,OREGON
ADOPTED BY CITY COUNCIL
DECEMBER 13, 1982
ORDINANCE 82-78
E
ENERGY
COMPREHENSIVE PLAN REPORT
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TIGARD PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT
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OCTOBER 1982
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CITY COUNCIL PLANNING COMMISSION I
Wilbur Bishop - Mayor Frank Tepedino - President
John Cook Cliff Speaker
Tom Brian Donald Moen
Nancie Stimler
Richard Helmer
Ren Scheckla Mark Christen
Roy Bonn i
Bonnie Owens
` Deane Leverett
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Phil Eden
CITY STAFF
Bob Jean City Administrator
William A. Monahan - Director of Planning and Development
Jeremy Coursolle - Associate Planner
Liz Newton - Associate Planner
Frank Currie Public Works Director
Patt Martin Word Processing
Loreen Wilson - Office Manager
ADOPTED BY TIGARD CITY COUNCIL DECEMBER 15, 1982
ORDINANCE N0. 82-28
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Table of Contents
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Page
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
s;
Energy Conservation and Local Governments' Role 2
Alternative Energy Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 '
Findings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Implementation Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
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Page 1
INTRODUCTION
This report provides background information for Tigard in relation to LCDC
Statewide Planning Goal #13: Energy Conservation. In addition, it recommends
findings, policies and implementation strategies to meet the Coal 113
requirements.
The Statewide Planning Goal #13 reads: "To conserve energy. Land and uses
developed on the land shall be managed and controlled so as to maximize the
conservation of all forms of energy, based upon sound economic principles."
Since the oil embargoes of the 1970's, traditionally cheap and unlimited
petroleum energy sources have become a thing of the past. This has caused all
levels of government, the private sector as well as individual households to
closely scrutinize energy usage and cost.
The rapidly changing energy situation is one of the foremost problem of our
time. Energy prices and supplies have been directly related to inflation,
interest rates, and economic growth. Due to the past development of our
cities as high and inefficient energy users, local governments and communities
are becoming more involved in energy management.
For example, the City of Portland instituted a mandatory weatherization
program requiring residents to meet insulation standards at the time of resale
or within five years.
ENERGY CONSERVATION AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTS' ROLE
The energy crisis and the adoption of the LCDC Goal and Guidelines #13:
Energy Conservation, have provided the impetus for local governments in Oregon
to seriously consider their role and the opportunities available to them to
influence a reduction in local energy usage.
Local government can influence energy conservation by two basic strategies:
1. Adoption of an energy efficient land use pattern which reduces the
consumption of nonrenewable energy; for example by:
a. Stemming urban sprawl;
b. Ensuring that developments occur in a fashion which supports
PPorts
public transit, bicycle and other alternative modes of
transportation;
c. Allowing higher densities and mixed uses in appropriate areas of
the community.
2. through the adoption of ordinances which provide for energy
conservation or for the use of alternative energy sources; for example
by:
a. Requiring mandatory weatherization of all structures, particularly
residential; and
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b. Adopting development standards which require the consideration of t
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solar design in any new development;
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c. Adopting solar access ordinances; and
d. Providing information to the general public concerning the methods
and monetary benefits of alternative energy sources.
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The role of local government- can differ according to the type of strategy €
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being considered. On the supply side, or the development of alternative
resources, the local government's role is primarily permissive, allowing for
the experimentation and application of alternative energy sources. State and
federal government agencies have a more active role in increasing energy
supplies through tax incentives and basic research. However, it should be the
responsibility of the local jurisdiction to keep abreast of state and federal
programs and possible avenues for their assistance in local energy matters. f
In addition, the local government is often given the opportunity to play a
more affirmative role regarding the reduction of consumption of energy, e.g. ,
Portland's Weatherization Program.
In the Portland Metropolitan Area, transportation and residential uses
together account for 50% of the energy consumption. Automobile use accounts
for 75% of all transportation energy, while mass transit uses only 1%.
Approximately 70% of all residential energy is used for heating (Source:
Portland Bureau of Planning, 1977). Energy usage is illustrated in Figure I
and Il.
The events of the 1970's have underlined the reality of a fluctuating energy 'i
supply and continually rising energy costs. As an attractive place to live
and work, the Portland Metropolitan Area will be adversely affected. This if
effect can be reduced through the applicati;;n of conservation measures.
According to the "Portland Energy Conservation Project" study, the
Metropolitan Area could save as much as 34% of its projected energy usage in 4
the mid-1990s with conservation programs. This possible savings is
illustrated in Figure III.
ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES
Currently, the City of Tigard has not developed energy sources. All of the
City's energy supplies come from sources outside the City and from traditional
sources, including gas, oil and electricity. However, there are numerous
energy alternatives that can come from within the City. The problem with {
suggesting a list of alternatives is that it is often difficult to distinguish 66t
between those alternatives which have been proven cost effective by research r
and practical application, and those ideas which are conceptual in nature and
require extensive engineering and economic feasibility studies to determine
their applicability to Tigard. The. following is an identification of those
alternatives which may be readily applicable to all structures in the City
with a brief explanation of their merits.
Wood
An energy source that is already widely used in the Tigard area is wood. The ?
proper use of wood in conjunction with an efficient woodburning stove can he a
viable substitute to opace heating rather than traditional energy sources. z
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FIGURE I
Transportation
269E
Industry
40%
Enter
,low Aw
Residential �r
2496 3
Used
Commercial
10%
Source: Energy and Land Use Comprehensive Plan Working Paper, City of Portland.
FIGURE II
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Transit
1% \
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Air, Rail,
Other
13%
Truck
11%
Auto
75%
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Source: TransportationandLand Use Conservation Choices, Portland Energy
a Conservation Project, City of PvrLland.
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FIGURE III
350
1 325,907
325 —� rams {
to
300 Use wt
o CogseNatipn p '
P'Ener9y
ch N
SMS
34% 4
275 SAVINGS
260,209
250 SMSA Energy Use
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Bitt'on th Conserv
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LL
110y) on Programs l
Btu's 225 216,102 s
Used in
the SMSA
per >
Year 200
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175
150
125
.::.
100 :...,..,.....:::::....::..... .......
75
s0
25 .
1975 1980 1965 1990 1995
SUMMARY OF POTENTIAL PORTLAND SMSA ENERGY SAVINGS t
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Source: Transportation and Land Use Conservation Choices, Portland Energy Conservation I
Choices, City of Portland.
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The major problem with the use of wood is air pollution. The Oregon State
Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) airshed studies have identified wood
heating as a significant source of uncontrolled pollutants and a major cause
of violations of the state and federal ambient air quality standards in the
Portland Metropolitan Area. Major metropolitan areas as well as a growing
number of smaller cities are experiencing pronounced degradation of wintertime
air quality; including visibility impairment, soiling, and odor problems.
Certain airsheds are more susceptible to wood smoke impacts than others,
depending on local topography and meteorological conditions. Currently, more
than 50% of Oregon's households use wood for some space heating. Heating with
wood is expected to continue as more and more individuals try to offset
accelerating home heating costs of conventional sources of heat.
Unfortunately, a wood stove can emit 224 times more particulate than an oil
furnace and up to 457 times more than natural gas for the same heat value.
(Source: DEQ, 1981 Air Quality Annual Report)
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The growing concern over air quality with the increasing use of wood can be
somewhat mitigated by the public becoming more educated on the proper and i
least polluting means.
Solar
The potential use of solar as an energy source will be directly dependent upon
the community's willingness to protect solar access for the life of a f
structure. Passive and active solar systems to augment space and water
heating have had substantial merit, especially in new constructions. Except ,
for the most obvious constraint, lack of access to the sun, many existing
buildi,:gs also readily lend themselves to retrofitting and remodeling
activities which would allow them to take advantage of solar radiation. Since
solar is becoming much more cost effective, is environmentally benign, is
reliable and is one of the few significant energy resources that can be
implemented by individuals and businesses, it's expected that solar energy
usage will grow in popularity.
The use of solar energy falls into two very broad categories, active and
passive. In very simple terms, active solar can be defined as any system
which uses mechanical equipment to take advantage of the energy from the sun.
Recent advancements in the design and manufacturing of active solar systems ;
have resulted in systems being available which, when installed properly, can
have an operating life of 20 to 30 years. '
Passive solar systems rely totally upon the siting and design of a building to
extract benefit from the sun's energy without the assistance of any mechanical
equipment. Passive solar techniques were used by the oldest civilizations,
and the principles of solar design have remained virtually unchanged. It has
only been recently that these same principles have been accepted and made
marketable in the construction of contemporary buildings.
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Most reliable sources state that a combination of active and passive solar
systems have the potential to "economically provide 50-80 percent of the
heating, cooling and hot water needs of many homes in Tigard."
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'here are many areas within the community where both passive and active
systems could be used; but the availability of solar access cannot occur by
happenstance. If the community desires to make solar a viable energy source,
then regulatory measures which ensure rooftop, south wall, and south lot line E
solar access must be adopted.
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Wind t
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A growing body of research indicates that the State of Oregon has considerable E
wind power potential. Development of this resource over the next two decades
could provide a significant portion of needed electric energy, about 10% of
peak demand according to the latest forecast. Private and public utilities
are developing commercial-scale wind power "farms" (or arrays of wind power
generators); the technology is available and the costs are favorable.
Authorities in the field expect wind power, given present trends, will begin f;
by the mid-1980s to be extensively developed as a cost-effective, conventional
source of electricity.
Figure IV
AVERAGE WIND POWER DENSITY AND SPEED CLASS'
33 ft. (10m) Aloft 164 ft. (50m) Aloft
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Wind Wind Power Wind Power
Power Density Speed2 Density Speed2
Class watts/m2 mph (m/s) watts/m2 mph (m/s)
1- --------------- 100 ------- 9.8 (4.4) ------- 200 ------- 12.5 (5.6)
2- --------------- 150 ------ 11.5 (5.1) ------- 300 ------- 14.3 (6.4)
3- --------------- 200 ------ 12.5 (5.6) ------- 400 ------- 15.7 (7.0)
4- --------------- 250 ------ 13.4 (6.0) ------- 500 ------- 16.8 (7.5)
5- --------------- 300 ------ 14.3 (6.4) ------- 600 ------- 17.0 (8.0)
6- ---------------- 400 ------ 15.7 (7.0) ------- 800 ------- 19.7 (8.8)
7- -------------- 1000 - --- 21.1 (9.4) ------ 2000 ------- 26.6 (11.9)
1 Mean wind speed is based on Rayleigh speed distribution of equivalent
mean wind power density.
2 Wind speed is for standard sea-level conditions. To maintain the same
power density, speed increases 5%/5000 feet (3%/100m) of elevation
(m/s = meters per second).
An average wind speed of 12.0 miles per hour or greater is required to make a
good potential wind power site. This corresponds to a wind power class of 3
or more. Washington County possesses areas having that wind power class.
* Source: Washington County Comprehensive Resource Document, 1981.
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the full potential for wind generation in the City cannot be generally
determined. Each geographic location would have to be individually reviewed.
Small-scale wind power development - for residences, farms and small
commercial applications - is not expected to provide a significant amount of
electricity by comparison with utility and heavy industry use. By the year
2000 it will reduce only 7% of the capacity expected in 1985 for the
larger-scale wind power developments in Oregon. The wind power potential of
Oregon, and presumably the Washington County area also, will be developed for
the most part through large wind turbine "farms."
Large-scale wind power farms will not have major environmental impacts except
those related to timber production. One researcher with the U.S. Bureau of
Reclamation concluded; "Environmental impacts of large windfarms are mild and
easily mitigated in comparison with those of conventional energy
alternatives." Such utility-scale farms are expected to require between 0.41
acre and 3.66 acres of land.
Wind turbine generators can interfere with television signals, but this is not
a major problem. Interference can arise with the receiving antenna within
three miles (UHF) or one-fourth mile (VHF) of the rotating blades. The effect
is reduced by directional antenna, local television repeaters, circularly
polarized transmissions, or cable reception. In remote areas where wind power
farms are likely to locate, the population is sparse and residents typically
use directional antennas or have cable television; therefore the problems of
interference in UHF televisions reception are minimal.
The task force on wind of the Oregon Alternate Energy Development Commission
found little reason to be concerned about low frequency noise from wind power
generators. Calculations and field observations show insignificant noise
levels from most large wind turbines.
The aesthetic impact of wind power farms on the landscape should also be
insignificant in Washington County areas. Wide spacing of each individual
generator lessens the appearance of domination in an area. One nation-wide
attitude opinion survey, in which respondents assumed much closer spacing,
showed a definite aesthetic preference for wind turbines over power
transmission towers and lines.
At present there is no absolute right to wind access in Oregon. As with solar
energy access, the lack of such legal rights reflects an absence of interest
in the past. Treatment of this question of wind access may be required at
both the local and state level. For example, it is possible to create a local
wind access permit system to define the legal wind access of a property owner
and thereby prohibit owners of adjacent land from conflicting uses. Given the
general location of the wind power resource in Washington County areas, it
seems unlikely that the absence of wind access legal definitions would impede
the location of wind power farms although the larger "farms" may not be
appropriate uses in Tigard. For residential or small-scale uses elsewhere,
such legal definitions would be more important.
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The Accessory Development section of the Tigard Community Development Code
should address the usage and location of Wind Generation Energy Devices
(WGED), which will be permitted as conditional development in any district.
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FINDINGS
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o Transportation and residential uses account for approximately half of the �
total energy consumption in the Portland Metropolitan Area. Industrial
and commercial uses comprise the other half of energy consumption.
o The City of Tigard has no developed energy sources.
o Conservation of energy at the local level is best • achieved through
programs aimed at energy efficient transportation modes and land use
patterns, reducing travel distances between residential and work areas,
infilling vacant land, increasing densities of land uses as a whole �~d
encouraging alternative energy uses.
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o All forms of nonrenewable energy sources used today are finite and the
cost of these sources have increased as the supply has decreased.
o A reduction in the community—wide use of nonrenewable energy sources and
the development of renewable energy resources would have beneficial
impacts on both local and national economy.
o Mass transit systems can have a positive influence upon energy consumption
but require higher density corridors and activity areas to be effective.
o The availability of cheap energy in the past has resulted in the
construction of residential and commercial buildings that are energy
inefficient. Weatherization and insulatio:: of existing and new structures
would substantially reduce energy consumption for heating and cooling
these structures.
o Although it is a widely used substitute for traditional energy sources,
woodburning stoves can have adverse effects on air quality if improperly
used.
o Alternative architecture and site design considerations can affect energy
consumption; such as structure orientation to the sun, landscaping,
topography and adjacent structures.
o Small scale wind generating devices may be a viable alternative energy
source for Tigard residences.
o The private automobile consumes about 75% of all petroleum used in
transportation in the Portland Area.
t` POLICIES
9.1.1 THE CITY SHALL ENCOURAGE A REDUCTION IN ENERGY CONSUMPTION BY INCREASE
OPPORTUNITIES FOR ENERGY CONSERVATION AND THE PRODUCTION OF ENERGY
FROM ALTERNATIVE SOURCES.
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9.1.2 THE CITY SHALL ESTABLISH A BALANCED AND EFFICIENT TRANSPORTATION
SYSTEM WHICH COMPLEMENTS THE LAND USE PLAN AND IS DESIGNED TO MINIMIZE
ENERGY IMPACTS.
9.1.3 THE CITY SHALL ENCOURAGE LAND USE DEVELOPMENT WHICH EMPHASIZES SOUND
ENERGY CONSERVATION, DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION.
IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGIES
1. The City shall encourage public and private programs that offer
weatherization and energy conservation programs, e.g. tax credits,
low-interest weatherization loans, etc.
2. The Tigard Community Development Code shall allow for a variety of
housing unit types in most residential development districts which
have proven to be energy efficient, e.g. , common-wall or clustering of
dwelling units.
3. The City shall locate higher densities and intensities of land use in
proximity to existing and potential transit routes specifically with
convenient access to federal and state highways, arterials and major
collector streets.
4. The City shall, in the Tigard Community Development Code, allow for
more flexibility in structure siting to provide for maximum solar
exposure.
5. The City shall review the feasibility of implementing a solar access
ordinance and wind generation provisions.
6. The City shall cooperate with both public and private agencies that
make use of site development and architectural techniques using
natural elements for heating and cooling in all developments.
7. The Tigard Community Development Code shall allow for mixed use
developments which will support a reduction in traffic trip generation.
8. The City shall coordinate with and support public and private planning
efforts that advocate alternative forms of transportation such as mass
transit, carpooling, ride share, bicycling and walking for commuter
purposes.
9. Locational criteria shall be established to minimize vehicular travel
in order to conserve energy.
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SOURCES
Oregon Department of Energy, Sixth Annual Report, January 1982.
"Energy and Land Use," Portland Bureau of Planning, Fall 1976.
"Transportation and Land Use Conservation Choices," Portland Energy
Conservation Project. City of Portland, June 1977.
Air Quality Annual Report - 1981, Department of Environmental Quality.
Washington County Comprehensive Resource Document, Washington County Planning
Department, August 1981.
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