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Hearings Officer Packet - 08/14/1995• AGENDA CITY OF TIGARD HEARINGS OFFICER AUGUST 14,1995 - 7:00 P.M. 13125 SW HALL BOULEVARD TIGARD, OR 97223 CITY OF TIGARD OREGON TIGARD PUBLIC NOTICE: Anyone wishing to speak on an agenda item should sign on the appropriate sign-up sheet(s). Assistive Listening Devices are available for persons with impaired hearing and should be scheduled for Planning Commission meetings by noon on the Monday prior to the meeting. Please call (503) 639-4171, Ext. 320 (voice) or (503) 684-2772 (TDD - Telecommunications Devices for the Deaf). Upon request, the City will also endeavor to arrange for the following services: ? Qualified sign language interpreters for persons with speech or hearing impairments; and ? Qualified bilingual interpreters. Since these services must be scheduled with outside service providers, it is important to allow as much lead time as possible. Please notify the City of your need(s) by 5:00 p.m. on the Wednesday preceding the meeting date at the same phone numbers as listed above. (OVER FOR MEETING AGENDA ITEM(S) TIGARD HEARINGS OFFICER - 8/14/95 PAGE 1 OF 2 h AIogin\patty\agendho8. I4 • • CITY OF TIGARD HEARINGS OFFICER AUGUST 14, 1995 - 7:00 P.M. AGENDA 1. CALL TO ORDER 2. PUBLIC HEARING 2.1 CONDITIONAL USE PERMIT (CUP) 95-0005 CHRIST THE KING LUTHERAN CHURCH ? The applicant is requesting Conditional Use approval to allow a 5,500 square foot social hall addition to an existing church. LOCATION: 11305 SW Bull Mountain Road (WCTM 2S1 10AC, tax lot 1700). ZONE: C-G (General Commercial). The General Commercial zone allows public agency and administrative services, public support facilities, professional and administrative services, financial, insurance, and real estate services, business support services, general retail sales, eating and drinking establishments, among other uses. Also, R-4.5 (Residential, 4.5 units per acre). The R-4.5 zone allows single family residential units, public support facilities, residential treatment home, farming, manufactured home, family day care, home occupation, temporary use, residential fuel tank, and accessory structures. APPLICABLE REVIEW CRITERIA: Community Development Code Section 18.50, 18.62, 18.100, 18.102, 18.106, 18.108, 18.114, 18.130 and 18.164. 2.2 CONDITIONAL USE PERMIT (CUP) 95-0004 AT & T CELLULAR MONOPOLE ? applicant requests approval of a Conditional Use Permit to erect a fifty-five (55) foot tall steel cellular monopole tower with antennas and an electronic equipment shelter to the west of the Oil Can Henry's site. LOCATION: 12655 SW North Dakota Street (WCTM 1S1 346C, tax lot 700). Near the southeast corner of Scholls Ferry Road and North Dakota Street. APPLICABLE REVIEW CRITERIA: Community Development Code Chapters 18.64, 18.100, 18.102, 18.106, 18.108, 18.114, 18.130, 18.132 and 18.164. ZONE: C-P (Professional Commercial). The Professional Commercial zone allows public agency and administrative services, public support facilities, professional and administrative services, financial, insurance, and real estate services, and business support services. Utilities with significant visual impact are also 3. OTHER BUSINESS 4. ADJOURNMENT TIGARD HEARINGS OFFICER - 8/14/95 PAGE 2 OF 2 h:\Iogin\patty\agendho8.14 • • PUBLIC HEARING NOTICE NOTICE IS HEREBY GIVEN THAT THE TIGARD HEARINGS OFFICER, AT A MEETING ON MONDAY, AUGUST 14, 1995 AT 7:00 PM, IN THE TOWN HALL OF THE TIGARD CIVIC CENTER, 13125 SW HALL BOULEVARD, TIGARD, OREGON 97223 WILL CONSIDER THE FOLLOWING APPLICATION: CITY OF TIGARD FILE NO: CONDITIONAL USE PERMIT (CUP) 95-0005 FILE TITLE: CHRIST THE KING LUTHERAN CHURCH APPLICANT: Dull Olson Weekes Architects OWNER: The Lutheran Brotherhood 319 SW Washington Street 625 4th Avenue Portland, OR 97204 Minneapolis, MN REQUEST ? A request for Conditional Use approval to allow a 5,500 square foot social hall addition to an existing church. LOCATION: 11305 SW Bull Mountain Road (WCTM 2S1 10AC, tax lot 1700). APPLICABLE REVIEW Community Development Code Section 18.50, 18.62, 18.100, 18.102, 18.106, 18.108, CRITERIA: 18.114, 18.130 and 18.164. ZONE: C-G (General Commercial). The General Commercial zone allows public agency and administrative services, public support facilities, professional and administrative services, financial, insurance, and real estate services, business support services, general retail sales, eating and drinking establishments, among other uses. Also, R-4.5 (Residential, 4.5 units per acre). The R-4.5 zone allows single family residential units, public support facilities, residential treatment home, farming, manufactured home, family day care, home occupation, temporary use, residential fuel tank, and accessory structures. THE PUBLIC HEARING ON THIS MATTER WILL BE CONDUCTED IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE RULES OF CHAPTER 18.32 OF THE COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT CODE AND RULES OF PROCEDURE ADOPTED BY THE TIGARD CITY COUNCIL AND AVAILABLE AT CITY HALL, OR RULES OF PROCEDURE SET FORTH IN CHAPTER 18.30. ASSISTIVE LISTENING DEVICES ARE AVAILABLE FOR PERSONS WITH IMPAIRED HEARING. THE CITY WILL ALSO ENDEAVOR TO ARRANGE FOR QUALIFIED SIGN LANGUAGE INTERPRETERS AND QUALIFIED BILINGUAL INTERPRETERS UPON REQUEST. PLEASE CALL (503) 639-4171, EXT. 320 (VOICE) OR (503) 684-2772 (TDD - TELECOMMUNICATIONS DEVICES FOR THE DEAF) NO LESS THAN ONE WEEK PRIOR TO THE HEARING TO MAKE ARRANGEMENTS. CUP 95-0005 NOTICE OF HEARING'S OFFICER 8/14/95 PUBLIC HEARING CHRIST THE KING LUTHERAN CHURCH 0 Is ANYONE WISHING TO PRESENT WRITTEN TESTIMONY ON THIS PROPOSED ACTION MAY DO SO IN WRITING PRIOR TO OR AT THE PUBLIC HEARING. ORAL TESTIMONY MAY BE PRESENTED AT THE PUBLIC HEARING. AT THE PUBLIC HEARING, THE HEARINGS OFFICER WILL RECEIVE A STAFF REPORT PRESENTATION FROM THE CITY PLANNER; OPEN THE PUBLIC HEARING; AND INVITE BOTH ORAL AND WRITTEN TESTIMONY. THE HEARINGS OFFICER MAY CONTINUE THE PUBLIC HEARING TO ANOTHER MEETING TO OBTAIN ADDITIONAL INFORMATION, OR CLOSE THE PUBLIC HEARING AND TAKE ACTION ON THE APPLICATION. IF A PERSON SUBMITS EVIDENCE IN SUPPORT TO THE APPLICATION AFTER JULY 24. 1995, ANY PARTY IS ENTITLED TO REQUEST A CONTINUANCE OF THE HEARING. IF THERE IS NO CONTINUANCE GRANTED AT THE HEARING, ANY PARTICIPANT IN THE HEARING MAY REQUEST THAT THE RECORD REMAIN OPEN FOR AT LEAST SEVEN (7) DAYS AFTER THE HEARING. INCLUDED IN THIS NOTICE IS A LIST OF APPROVAL CRITERIA APPLICABLE TO THE REQUEST FROM THE TIGARD COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT CODE AND THE TIGARD COMPREHENSIVE PLAN. APPROVAL OR DISAPPROVAL OF THE REQUEST BY THE HEARINGS OFFICER WILL BE BASED UPON THESE CRITERIA AND THESE CRITERIA ONLY. AT THE HEARING IT IS IMPORTANT THAT COMMENTS RELATING TO THE REQUEST PERTAIN SPECIFICALLY TO THE APPLICABLE CRITERIA LISTED. FAILURE TO RAISE AN ISSUE IN PERSON OR BY LETTER AT SOME POINT PRIOR TO THE CLOSE OF THE HEARING ON THE REQUEST OR FAILURE TO PROVIDE SUFFICIENT SPECIFICITY TO AFFORD THE DECISION MAKER AN OPPORTUNITY TO RESPOND TO THE ISSUE PRECLUDES AN APPEAL TO THE LAND USE BOARD OF APPEALS BASED ON THAT ISSUE. ALL DOCUMENTS AND APPLICABLE CRITERIA IN THE ABOVE-NOTED FILE ARE AVAILABLE FOR INSPECTION AT NO COST OR COPIES CAN BE OBTAINED FOR TWENTY-FIVE CENTS PER PAGE. AT LEAST SEVEN DAYS PRIOR TO THE HEARING, A COPY OF THE STAFF REPORT WILL BE AVAILABLE FOR INSPECTION AT NO COST, OR A COPY CAN BE OBTAINED FOR TWENTY-FIVE CENTS PER PAGE. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION PLEASE CONTACT THE STAFF PLANNER WILLIAM WANDREA AT (503) 639-4171, TIGARD CITY HALL, 13125 SW HALL BOULEVARD, TIGARD, OREGON. VICINITY EXHIBIT MAP ? MO TN FEET 1 0 400 800 CUP 95-0005 NOTICE OF HEARING'S OFFICER 8H4/95 PUBLIC HEARING CHRIST THE KING LUTHERAN CHURCH • • COMMUNITY NEWSPAPERS, INC. P.O. BOX 370 PHONE (503) 684-0360 BEAVERTON, OREGON 97075 Legal Notice Advertising City of Tigard ' ? Tearsheet Notice 13125 SW Hall Blvd. *Tigard,Oregon 97223-8199 ? Duplicate Affidavit 'Accounts Payable-Terry AFFIDAVIT OF PUBLICATION STATE OF OREGON, ) COUNTY OF WASHINGTON, )'a- 1, Kathy Snyder being first duly sworn, depose and say, that 1 am the Advertisinn Director, or his principal clerk, of theTigard-Tualatin Times a newspaper of general circulation as defined in ORS 193.010 and 193.020; published at Ti Bard in the aforesaid county and state; that the a printed copy of which is hereto annexed, was pugisFieArMe entire issue of said newspaper for ONE successive and consecutive in the following issues: Auaust 3.1995 Subscribed and sworn to bye me this3rd day o A qu.9t, is for Oregon Legal NoticeTT 8281 RECEIVEIf AUG 0 81995 CITY OF 11GARD. The following will be considered by the Tigard Hearings Officer on Mon- day, August 14.1995 at 7:00 P.M., at Tigard Civic Center - Town Hall, 13125 S.W. Hall Boulevard, Tigard, Oregon. Both public, oral and written testimony is invited. The public hearing on this matter will be conducted in accordance with the rules of Chapter 18.32 of the Tigard Municipal Code, and rules and procedures of the Hearings Officer. Failure to raise an issue in person or by letter precludes an appeal, and failure to specify the criterion from the Community Development Code or Comprehensive Plan at which a comment is directed precludes an appeal based on that criterion. Further information may be obtained from the Planning Division at 13125 S.W. Hall Boulevard, Tigard, Oregon 97223, or by calling (503) 6394171. PUBLIC HEARING: CONDITIONAL USE PERMIT (CUP) 95-0005 CHRIST THE KING LUTHERAN CHURCH The applicant is requesting Conditional Use approval to allow a 5,500 square foot social hall addition to an existing church. LOCATION: 11305 S.W. Bull Mountain Road (WCTM 2S 1 10AC, tax lot 1700). ZONE: C-G (General Commercial). The General Commercial zone allows public agency and administrative services, public support facilities, professional and administrative services, financial, insurance, and real estate services, business support services, general retail sales, eating and drinking es- tablishments, among other uses. Also, R-4.5 (Residential, 4.5 units per acre). The R-4.5 zone allows single family residential units, public sup- port facilities, residential treatment home, fanning, manufactured home, family day care, home occcupation, temporary use, residential fuel tank, 1 and accessory structures. APPLICABLE REVIEW CRITERIA: Com- munity Development Code Section 18.50, 18.62, 18.100, 18.102, 18.106, 18.108,18.114,18.130 and 18.164. WYY tivnsm,ivw,. ...,. .,.. ...? MY COMMISSION EXPIRES MAYt6, 1,997 ' I TT8281- Publish August 3, 1995. My Commission Expires: AFFIDAVIT 0 TIGARD HEARINGS OFFICER A4? CITY OF TIGARD OREGON NOTICE: ALL PERSONS DESIRING TO SPEAK ON ANY ITEM MUST SIGN THEIR NAME AND NOTE THEIR ADDRESS ON THIS SHEET ...(Please PRINT) AGENDA ITEM #: 2.1 DATE OF HEARING: 8/14/95 Page 1 of 2 CASE NUMBER(S): CONDITIONAL USE PERMIT (CUP) 95-0005 OWNER/APPLICANT: CHRIST THE KING LUTHERAN CHURCH ADDITION FLoCATION: 11H05 SW BULL MOUNTAIN ROAD MAP(S) & TAX LOT(S) NO(S). 2S1 10AC, TAX LOT 01700 PLEASE PRINT YOUR NAME, ADDRESS, AND INCLUDE YOUR ZIP CODE PROPONENT (For the proposal) ------------------------------ ------------------------------ OPPONENT (Against the proposal) (Print Name lAddress lZip & Affiliation) (Print Name /AddresslZip & Affiliation) Name: Name: Address: Address: City: State: Zip: City: State: Zip: Name: Name: Address: Address: City: State: Zip: City: State: Zip: Name: Name: Address: Address: City: State: Zip: City: State: Zip: Name: Name: Address: Address: City: State: Zip: City: State: Zip: Name: Name: Address: Address: City: State: Zip: City: State: Zip: h: \1 ogi n \ pa t ty \ si gni n ho. m s t 0 TIGARD HEARINGS OFFICER A4? CITY OF TIGARD OREGON NOTICE: ALL PERSONS DESIRING TO SPEAK ON ANY ITEM MUST SIGN THEIR NAME AND NOTE THEIR ADDRESS ON THIS SHEET ...(Please PRINT) AGENDA ITEM #: 2.1 DATE OF HEARING: 8/14/95 Page 2 of 2 CASE NUMBER(S): CONDITIONAL USE PERMIT (CUP) 95-0005 OWNER/APPLICANT: CHRIST THE KING LUTHERAN CHURCH ADDITION LOCATION: 11305 SW BULL MOUNTAIN ROAD FMAP(S) & TAX LOT(S) NO(S). 2S1 10AC, TAX LOT 01700 PLEASE PRINT YOUR NAME, ADDRESS, AND INCLUDE YOUR. ZIP CODE PROPONENT (For the proposal) ---------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------- OPPONENT (Against the proposal) (Print Name lAddress lZip & Af/liation) (Print Name lAddress lZip & Affiliation) Name: Name: Address: Address: City: State: Zip: City: State: Zip: Name: Name: Address: Address: City: State: Zip: City: State: Zip: Name: Name: Address: Address: City: State: Zip: City: State: Zip: Name: Name: Address: Address: City: State: Zip: City: State: Zip: Name: Name: Address: Address: City: State: Zip: City. State: Zip: h:\login\patty\ signinho.mst • • BEFORE THE LAND USE HEARINGS OFFICER FOR TIGARD, OREGON Regarding a request by Christ the King Lutheran ) FINAL ORDER Church for a Conditional Use Permit to expand church ) facilities at 11305 Bull Mountain Road in Tigard, ) CUP 95-0005 Oregon to provide a 5,500 square foot meeting hall ) (Christ the Kng Lutheran Church) 1. FINDINGS The hearings officer adopts and incorporates herein the Tigard Community Development Staff Report dated August 7, 1995 (the "Staff Report'), including the summary, findings about the site and surroundings, applicable approval standards, agency comments, and evaluation of the request, except to the extent expressly modified. II. HEARING The hearings officer conducted a duly noticed public hearing regarding the application on August 14, 1995. The following testimony was offered in relevant part. 1. City Planner VVill D'Andrea summarized the staff report. 2. Robert Bosak, representing Christ the Kng Lutheran Church, raised two questions: a. Condition number five (5) requires either under-grounding of utilities or payment of a fee-irAieu of under-grounding utilities. He said there is a nearby church that is doing an expansion that is moving the lines overhead approximately 5 feet, instead of placing them underground. He argued it would be inconsistent to require Christ the King Lutheran Church to place all of the existing lines underground. b. Condition number 6.a. requires one parking lot tree for each seven parking spaces, spaced to provide a canopy effect located in islands that are at least three (3) feet square. He stated that Christ the King Lutheran Church received a Conditional Use Permit in 1991 that it has entirely met. This CUP application does not require any addition to the parking lot. Therefore, he doesn't see why Christ the King Lutheran Church should have to go back and place additional buffering for parking lot spaces. 3. Mr. D'Andrea responded to the requirement for parking lot trees. He stated that the staff looked at the entire site that was subject to the application. He said that the existing parking lot does not meet Tiigard's street tree standards. Because Christ the king Lutheran Church is making improvements, the entire site needs to conform to all the requirements in the Community Development Code. Mr. D'Andrea said he reviewed the 1991 Conditional Use Permit (CUP) for Christ The King Lutheran Church and the 1991 Permit contained no mention of the requirement for parking lot trees for the existing parking area. He said that in reviewing the 1991 CUP, Tigard only looked at the expansion that Christ the King Lutheran Church then proposed. At that time the church was putting in its north parking lot and parking lot trees in north parking lot were required, but the then-existing parking areas CUP 95-0005 (Christ the Kng Lutheran Church) Final Order - Page 1 CJ • were not addressed with respect to parking lot trees. He said he does not know why the street trees were not required in 1991. As far as he knows it was a Code standard. It was probably a mistake. d. Michael Anderson responded to the under-grounding utilities issue. He stated that all of the developments in the City that come under the Site Design Review and Conditional Use Permit requirements that have overhead utilities along their frontage are treated the same. He said they are required to either underground the utilities or pay the fee-in-lieu of under-grounding. He said that the church up the street chose to relocate, and not underground, the utilities, and that it will pay the fee-in- lieu of under-grounding utilities. e. Steve Olson, architect for Christ the Kng Lutheran Church, testified that in 1991 the Church received a Conditional Use Permit to expand the parking lot - to add the parking area to the north and also to add the west portion of the west parking lot. He said the east half of the west parking lot was constructed in 1987 when the sanctuary was expanded. He stated that the expansion that is proposed in this CUP was approved in the 1991 CUP approval. He stated that the parking lot was constructed in 1992, but that because of lack of funding, this building was never constructed. Because the 1991 Conditional Use Permit has expired, the church was required to make another CUP application for the meeting hall expansion. He stated that as far as the church is concerned, the conditions have not changed in the last three years. He stated that all of the church's development was constructed according to the City's CUP conditions. He said that when he goes back to talk with the Church's Building Committee the committee members will not understand why the Church is being required to cut up a parking lot and add trees to a parking lot that was approved previously. He stated that the Church is not necessarily challenging the requirement for street and parking lot trees. He stated that it is just confusing to members of the church when they are putting their hard-eamed money into a project like this. As an alternative, he suggested that the Church could add landscaping to the perimeter of the parking lot that would provide screening from the street and neighboring properties. f. After the public hearing, the Tigard planning staff provided the hearings officer with copies of the staff report and final order on the 1991 Conditional Use Permit for Christ the King Lutheran Church. The hearings officer reviewed these documents, but notes that a copy of the site plan that was approved was not included in the materials she reviewed. III. SITE VISIT The hearings officer visited the site before the hearing without the company of others. She observed the site, the parking lot, the existing building, access, the nature of surrounding development and the terrain and condition of surrounding streets. IV. DISCUSSION 1. City staff recommended approval of the application subject to conditions in the Staff Report. The hearings officer finds that the Staff Report contains all the applicable standards for the application and the findings showing that the application can comply with those standards. Those findings are not disputed in large part. The hearings officer adopts those findings as her own, to the extent they are not disputed as expressly provided otherwise below in support of a decision to approve the Conditional Use Permit, subject to the conditions recommended in the Staff Report. 2. The applicant raised issues with Condition number six (6) concerning the requirement to comply with the Community Development Code (CDC), standards for street trees (Condition 6.c.) and for parking lot trees (Condition 6.a.), based on the fact that this application does not involve any CUP 95-0005 (Christ the King Lutheran Church) Final Order - Page 2 • • alteration to the church's parking lots, and also concerning the requirement to under-ground utilities (Condition 5), because the applicant believes other churches are not required to comply with the Code requirement to underground utilities. a. CDC section 18.100.015 addresses when the landscaping and screening standards of the code apply. The provisions apply to all development, including "major modification" of existing developments. The proposed addition to the church is a major modification to an existing development under the CDC because the proposal will increase the floor area of a non-residential use by more than 10 percent and the expansion is greater than 5,000 square feet. CDC 18.120.070. b. The Tigard street tree standards are contained in CDC subsection 18.100.030. Street trees are required when a development project fronts a public street. Bull Mountain Road is a public street fronting the subject parcel. The Code requires street trees to be planted along the frontage and side yards 20 to 40 feet apart, depending on the size of the trees. The Code contains a provision under which the planning director may grant exemptions from the street tree requirements if certain conditions are met. c. Parking lot trees are required in the screening of parking and loading standards in CDC subsection 18.100.110. It is here that the requirements for one tree for seven parking spaces, at least three (3) square foot planting islands, and the parking lot trees to be distributed to provide a canopy effect are located. d. The 1991 Conditional Use Permit found that the CDC screening of parking and loading areas was applicable. However, the street tree standards and the buffering and screening standards between dissimilar land uses were not addressed. In addition, application of the screening of parking and loading areas requirements was limited to the new parking that was proposed. The requirements were not applied to the pre-existing parking on the remainder of the site. Based on that review, the hearings officer found that the proposed site plan met the requirements of the Code and approved the application with a condition that the landscape materials be installed as proposed in the site plan. It appears that Tigard made a mistake in 1991 by not requiring the street trees and parking lot trees that are now recommended by City staff in Conditions 6.c. and 6.a. respectively. e. Al developments in the City that come under the Site Design Review and Conditional Use Permit requirements that have overhead utilities along their frontage are required to either underground the utilities or pay the fee-in-lieu of under-grounding. The church up the street chose to relocate and not underground the utilities and it will pay the fee-in-lieu of under-grounding. f. The hearings officer is not granted authority to vary, or exempt a property owner from, the standards in the code, except where there has been an application for a variance from the Code's requirements. There has been no variance application under CDC 18.134 for relief from the Code's standards for this proposed development. V. CONCLUSIONS The applicants request does or can comply with the applicable standards of the City of Tigard Community Development Code and should be approved, subject to the conditions of approval in the Staff Report. Because the church needs a new Conditional Use Permit for the expansion of its facilities, the requirements of the code are all applicable at this time. The hearings officer has no authority to vary these standards. The hearings officer would note that the church is no worse off than it would have been had the City not made a mistake in 1991 in failing to require the development to fully comply with the standards in the Code. If the mistake in failing to impose the street trees and CUP 95-0005 (Christ the King Lutheran Church) Final Order - Page 3 • • parking lot tree standards on the property in the 1991 Conditional Use Permit had not been made, the trees now being required would have been required then. M. ORDER The hearings officer approves the applicant's request, CUP 95-0005 (Christ the Kng Lutheran Church), subject to the conditions in Section M of the Staff Report. Dated this 22nd Day of August, 1995 4um- , '0 Z,/", Deniece B. V\bn City of Tigard Hearings officer CUP 95-0005 (Christ the King Lutheran Church) Final Order - Page 4 r • • AGENDA ITEM 2a1 BEFORE THE LAND USE HEARINGS OFFICER FOR THE CITY OF TIGARD, OREGON Regarding an application by Christ the King Lutheran STAFF REPORT Church to allow the addition of approximately CUP 95-0005 5,500 square feet to an existing church facility. I. SUMMARY OF THE REQUEST CASE: Conditional Use Permit CUP 95-0005 SUMMARY: A request for Conditional Use approval to allow a 5,500 square foot social hall addition to an existing church. APPLICANT: Dull/Olson/Weeks Architects 319 SW Washington Street Portland, OR 97204 OWNER: The Lutheran Brotherhood 625 4th Avenue Mineapolis, MN COMPREHENSIVE PLAN DESIGNATION: Low Density / General Commercial ZONING DESIGNATION: R-4.5 (Residential, 4.5 units per acre) / C-G (General Commercial). LOCATION: 11305 SW Bull Mountain Road (WCTM 2S1 10AC, tax lot 1700). APPLICABLE LAW: Community Development Code Chapters 18.50, 18.62, 18.100, 18.102, 18.106, 18.108, 18.130, 18.150, and 18.164. Comprehensive Plan Policies 2.1.1, 4.2.1, 7.1.2, 7.3.1, 7.4.4, 8.1.1, and 8.1.3. HEARINGS OFFICER - CUP 95-0005 CHRIST THE KING LUTHERAN Page 1 0 0 STAFF RECOMMENDATION: Approval subject to conditions. II. SITE AND VICINITY INFORMATION A. Background Information: In 1986, a Site Development Review (SDR 86-9) approval was granted for a 4,500 square foot addition. No other development applications were found to have been submitted for this site. B. Site Information and Proposal Description: The subject site is developed with an approximately 8,800 square foot church facility with two separate parking areas on either side of the building. The parking area is accessible from two driveways on SW Bull Mountain Road. The parking area contains approximately 114 parking spaces. The site slopes to the north and east. The northern portion of the property is zoned R-4.5. Both the SW 114th Avenue and SW 112th Avenue is presently unimproved. The applicant requests approval to construct an approximately 5,500 square foot social hall addition to contain multipurpose rooms, meeting rooms and a kitchen. C. Vicinity Information: The land to the north is zoned R-4.5 and R-12 and is developed with single family residences. Property to the west is zoned R-2. Property to the south is zoned R-25 and C-G. The surrounding area is predominantly developed with residential development. III. APPLICABLE APPROVAL STANDARDS HEARINGS OFFICER - CUP 95-0005 CHRIST THE KING LUTHERAN Page 2 A. Community Development Code: 1. Chapter 18.50.040 lists Religious Assembly as a Conditional Use in the R-4.5 zone. 2. Chapter 18.130.040 contains the following general approval criteria for a Conditional Use: 1) The site size and dimensions provide adequate area for the needs of the proposed use; 2) The characteristics of the site are suitable for the proposed use considering size, shape, location, topography, and natural features. 3) All required public facilities have adequate capacity to serve the proposal. 4) The applicable requirements of the zoning district are met except as modified by this chapter. 5) The supplementary requirements set forth in Chapter 18.114 (Signs) and Section 18.120.180 (Approval Standards) Site Development Review, if applicable, are met. 6) The use will comply with the applicable policies of the Comprehensive Plan. 3. Section 18.130.150(C)(10) contains the following additional Conditional Use criteria for Religious Assembly and Accessory Uses: a. Lot Size: i. Minimum lot size shall be 20,000 square feet; HEARINGS OFFICER - CUP 95-0005 CHRIST THE KING LUTHERAN Page 3 • • b. Setbacks: i. The front yard setback shall be a minimum of 25 feet. ii. On corner lots and through lots, the setback shall be a minimum of 20 feet, plus meet visual clearance areas (Chapter 18.102); iii. The side yard setback shall be a minimum of 20 feet; iv. The rear yard setback shall be a minimum of 20 feet; and v. Each setback shall be increased five feet for every 10 feet of building height over 45 feet. 4. Section 18.50.050 (R-4.5 Zone) states that except as otherwise provided in Chapter 18.98, no building in an R-4.5 zone shall exceed 30 feet in height. 5. Section 18.98 (Building Height Limitations: Exceptions) states that projections such as spires, domes and other similiar objects not used for human occupancy are not subject to the building height limitations. 6. Section 18.100 contains standards for landscaping and screening. a. Section 18.100.015 requires that the applicant submit a landscaping plan, and that the approval standards are the applicable standards contained in Section 18.100 and which are listed below: HEARINGS OFFICER - CUP 95-0005 CHRIST THE KING LUTHERAN Page 4 11 0 b. Section 18,100,030 (Street Trees) states that all development projects fronting on a public, private street, or a private driveway more than 100 feet in length shall be required to plant street trees in accordance with the standards in Section 18.100.035. Section 18.100.035(A) requires that landscaping in the front and exterior side yards shall include trees with a minimum caliper of two inches at four feet in height as specified in the requirements stated in subsection 18.100.035(B). Section 18.100.035(B) requires that street trees be spaced between 20 and 40 feet apart depending on the size classification of the tree at maturity (small, medium, or large). C. Section 18.100.110(A) (Screening of Parking and Loading Areas) requires the screening of parking and loading areas. Landscaped parking areas shall include special design features which effectively screen the parking lot areas from view. Planting materials to be installed should achieve a relative balance between low lying and vertical shrubbery and trees. Trees shall be planted in landscaped islands in all parking areas, and shall be equally distributed on the basis of one tree for each seven parking spaces in order to provide a canopy effect. The minimum dimension on the landscape islands shall be three feet and the landscaping shall be protected from vehicular damage by some form of wheel guard or curb. 7. Section 18.102.020 (Visual Clearance) requires that a clear vision area shall be maintained on the corners of all property adjacent to intersecting right-of- ways or the intersection of a public street and a HEARINGS OFFICER - CUP 95-0005 CHRIST THE KING LUTHERAN Page 5 • • private driveway. A clear vision area shall contain no vehicle, hedge, planting, fence, wall structure, or temporary or permanent obstruction exceeding three feet in height. The code provides that obstructions which may be located in this area shall be visually clear between three and eight feet in height (trees may be placed within this area provided all branches below eight feet are removed). A visual clearance area is the triangular area formed by measuring a 30 foot distance along the street right-of-way and the driveway and then connecting these two 30 foot distance points with a straight line. 8. Section 18.106 (Off-Street Parking and Loading) contains standards for parking and loading. a. Section 18.106, space for every bench length in square feet of where there are greater. J30(B)(8) (Parking) requires 1 3 fixed seats or every 6 feet of the assembly area or every 50 floor area in the assembly area no permanent seats, whichever is b. Section 18.106.050(M) requires that artificial lighting on all off-street parking facilities shall be designed to deflect all light so as not to create a hazard to the public use of any road or street. C. The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), which became effective on January 26, 1992, requires 5 disabled parking spaces if 101 to 150 parking spaces are provided. d. Section 18.106.020(P) (Bicycle Parking) requires one bicycle parking rack space for each 15 vehicular parking spaces in any development. Bicycle parking areas shall not be located HEARINGS OFFICER - CUP 95-0005 CHRIST THE KING LUTHERAN Page 6 L? within parking aisles, landscape areas, or pedestrian ways. 9. Section 18.108.080 (Access and Circulation - Minimum Requirements) requires that uses which provide less than 100 parking spaces provide a minimum of one accesss with a width of 30 feet. The minimum pavement width shall be 24 feet. In addition, section 18.120.180 (A)(11)(b) requires that circulation patterns within a development be designed to accomodate emergency vehicles. 10. Section 18.108.050(A) requires that a walkway be extended from the ground floor entrance of the structure to the street which provides the required ingress and egress. 11. Section 18.114.130 (A) (Signs) lists the type of allowable signs and sign area permitted in the R-4.5 zone. 12. Chapter 18.150 requires a permit and contains standards for removal of trees having a trunk 6 inches or more in diameter measured four feet above the ground on undeveloped residential land. A permit for tree removal must present rationale which complies with specified criteria in order to obtain approval. 13. Chapter 18.164 contains standards for streets and utilities. a. Section 18.164.030(A) requires streets within and adjoining a development to be dedicated and improved based on the classification of the street. HEARINGS OFFICER - CUP 95-0005 CHRIST THE KING LUTHERAN Page 7 U • b. Section 18.164.030(E) requires Major Collector streets to have a minimum 60 foot right-of-way and a 44 foot minimum roadway width, and 2-4 moving lanes. C. Section 18.164.090 requires sanitary sewer service. d. Section 18.164.100 requires adequate provisions for storm water runoff and dedication of easements for storm drainage facilities. B. Lpplicable Comprehensive Plan Policies. 1. Policy 2.1.1 provides the City will assure that citizens will be provided an opportunity to participate in all phases of the planning and development review process. 2. Policy 4.2.1 provides that all development within the Tigard urban planning area shall comply with applicable federal, state and regional water quality standards. 3. Policy 7.1.2 provides the City will require, as a condition of development approval, that public water, sewer, and storm drainage will be provided and designed to City standards and utilities placed underground. 4. Policy 7.3.1 provides the City will coordinate water services with water districts. 5. Policy 7.4.4 requires all new development to be connected to an approved sanitary sewer system. 6. Policy 8.1.1 provides the City will plan for a safe and efficient street and roadway system that meets HEARINGS OFFICER - CUP 95-0005 CHRIST THE KING LUTHERAN Page 8 • • current needs and anticipated future growth and development. 7. Policy 8.1.3 provides the City will require as a precondition of approval that: a. Development abut a dedicated street or have other adequate access; b. Street right-of-way shall be dedicated where the street is substandard in width; C. The developer shall commit to construction of the streets, curbs, sidewalks to City standards within the development. d. The developer shall participate in the improvement of existing streets, curbs, and sidewalks to the extent of the development's impacts; e. Street improvements shall be made and street signs or signals shall be provided when the development is found to create or intensify a traffic hazard. IV. AGENCY COMMENTS 1. The City of Tigard Engineering Department has reviewed the proposal and has provided comments which are summarized in the analysis of Section 18.164 below. 2. The City of Tigard Water Department states that the existing water meter will need to be upsized from 1" to 1 1/2" (minimum). The applicant will need to pay the additional meter fee before the City can install the larger meter. Also with the larger meter, the applicant HEARINGS OFFICER - CUP 95-0005 CHRIST THE KING LUTHERAN Page 9 0 • will need to provide backflow prevention device (minimum of double check device assembly). 3. Tualatin Valley Fire and Rescue states that the District has no objections to this application. Prior to construction, however, the applicant must submit plans to this office showing emergency access roadway for review and approval. Accessways shall comply with the Uniform Fire Code requirements. If there are questions regarding these requirements, please feel free to all the fire district at 526-2469. 4. The City of Tigard Maintenance Services Division, City of Tigard Building Department, Tigard Police Department, Portland General Electric have reviewed the proposal and have offered no comments or objections. V. EVALUATION OF REQUEST 1. Compliance with Community Development Code. Section 18.130.040: The construction of a church in an R- 4.5 zone requires a Conditional Use approval. This proposal is consistent with the applicable approval standards. As indicated on the site plan, the site will provide adequate area for the proposed expansion. Site characteristics are suitable for the expansion as the site contains adequate area and does not contain physical constraints. Adequate public facilities are present and currently serve the site or shall be provided by conditions of approval. Compliance with the applicable zoning district requirements, Conditional Use review and Comprehensive Plan Policies can be satisfied by this proposal as demonstrated by the analysis presented within this report and review process. HEARINGS OFFICER - CUP 95-0005 CHRIST THE KING LUTHERAN Page 10 Section 18.130.150(C)(10) is satisfied. The subject site is approximately 2.7 acres, well in excess of the minimum 20,000 square foot lot area. As indicated on the site plan, the building is in compliance with setback standards. Section 18.50. The applicant is proposing to expand an existing church facility. A church is classified in code section 18.42 (Use Classifications) as Religious Assembly. Code Section 18.50.040 allows Religious Assembly as a Conditional use. As indicated on the site plan, all setbacks are satisfied. The proposed structures are in compliance with height limitations. The conditional use criteria for a church also requires increased setbacks for buildings over 45 feet in height. This criteria is not applicable as the proposed addition is not greater than 45 feet in height. Section 18.100.015. This requirement has been satisfied as the applicant has submitted a plan indicating the type and location of trees and shrubs, and as addressed in the applicable sections below. Section 18.100.030. This requirement shall be satisfied as the applicant shall be required to provide street trees in accordance with this section. Section 18.100.110(A). The existing parking lot does not contain parking lot trees. A revised landscape plan shall be submitted which provides for the required canopy effect, with trees planted every 7 spaces. Section 18.102.020. As shown on the site plan, the vision clearance requirements are satisfied. Section 18.106.030(B)(8). The proposal does not include increasing the area of the sanctuary, therefore this application will not require additional required parking HEARINGS OFFICER - CUP 95-0005 CHRIST THE KING LUTHERAN Page 11 spaces. The site plan also indicates the provision of 3 handicapped accessable parking spaces. A revised plan shall be submitted which provides 4 handicapped accessable spaces, thereby satisfying ADA requirements. Section 18.106.050(M). The applicant shall submit an exterior lighting plan for review and approval by the Tigard Police Department. Section 18.106.020(P) . Based on the ratio of 1 bicycle rack per 15 vehicular spaces this site requires 7 bicylce parking spaces. A revised plan shall be submitted which provides 7 bicycle parking spaces. Section 18.108.080. This section is satisfied as the plan provides for two, 24 foot access drives. Section 18.108.050(A). The preliminary site plan shows the provision of a walkway connecting the front entrance of the building with the sidewalk along SW Bull Mountain Road, thereby satisfying this requirement. Section 18.114.130(A). All signs shall conform to the provisions listed in this code section. All signs shall be approved through the Sign Permit process as administered by the Planning Division. Section 18.150. This requirement will be satisfied as a tree removal permit will be required for the removal of trees with trunk diameters of six inches or more in diameter. PUBLIC FACILITY CONCERNS: Sections 18.164.030 (Streets), 18.164.090 (Sanitary Sewer), and 18.164.100 (Storm Drains) shall be satisfied as specified below: HEARINGS OFFICER - CUP 95-0005 CHRIST THE KING LUTHERAN Page 12 • • 1. 2. 3. STREETS: The applicant's site plan shows the proposed building construction with no proposed revisions to the existing access or parking lot. The existing parking lot for the church currently has two driveway connections to SW Bull Mountain Road, a Major Collector street as shown on the City Comprehensive Plan. SW Bull Mountain Road is also a Washington County road. The site is also contiguous to the dedicated but un-improved SW 114th Avenue on the west and a "leg" of un-improved right- of-way for SW 112th Avenue that extends southerly off the existing improved portion of SW 112th Avenue. The applicant provided an agreement of non-remonstrance in 1992 to the formation of a future Local Improvement District to construct any abutting street construction. No improvements are proposed for SW 114th Avenue or the "leg" of 112th Avenue at this time. The existing right-of-way for SW Bull Mountain Road, as measured from the centerline of street, is 45 feet wide and no additional dedications are required. In addition, the half street improvements along the site frontage have been completed with the exception of SW 114th Avenue as noted. Also, there are power poles and overhead lines on both sides of the street, and the applicant should be required to place these facilities underground, or pay the fee in-lieu of undergrounding. SEWER: The existing building is connected to the existing 8" public sanitary sewer in a easement crossing the site and no changes are proposed. The sewer has sufficient capacity for the proposed addition. STORM DRAIN: The site slopes in a northeasterly direction to the existing pond and underground storm drain system located at the rear portion of the parking lot, adjacent to the un-improved SW 112th Avenue. The underground storm drain system shown on the applicant's site plan is of unknown origin. The new construction will drain to this system and the applicant should be required to provide a study to determine the adequacy and ownership of the downstream underground system. The Unified Sewerage Agency has established and the City has agreed to enforce (Resolution and Order No. 91-47) Surface HEARINGS OFFICER - CUP 95-0005 CHRIST THE KING LUTHERAN Page 13 • Water Management Regulations requiring the construction of on-site water quality facilities or fees in-lieu of their construction. The applicant shall provide a drainage plan prepared by a Professional Civil Engineer to verify the adequacy of the existing pond and storm drain system with respect to water quality and quantity. The pond shall be maintained as a private system by the applicant. 2. Compliance with Comprehensive Plan Policies: This proposed Conditional Use complies with all applicable Comprehensive Plan Policies as follows: 1. Citizen Involvement. Policy 2.1.1 is satisfied as the applicant was required to hold a neighborhood meeting with nearby property owners, notice of the application and public hearing on this item was provided to owners of property in the vicinity of the site and in a newspaper of general circulation. 2. Water Quality. Policy 4.2.1 is satisfied as the applicant shall provide a drainage plan prepared by a Professional Civil Engineer to verify the adequacy of the existing pond and storm drain system with respect to water quality and quantity. 3. Public Facilities and Services. The conditional use complies with Policies 7.1.2, 7.3.1, and 7.4.4 because the serving Private Utility Companies and Public Agencies have been provided with copies of the proposed development application. Public facility services were provided in conjuction with the construction of the existing facility and are adequate to serve this proposal. 4. Transportation. This application complies with Policies 8.1.1 and 8.1.3 because the public improvements to the public streets adjoining this site are consistent with the City of Tigard and HEARINGS OFFICER - CUP 95-0005 CHRIST THE KING LUTHERAN Page 14 • • Washington County road improvement standards. The street and access plans do not appear to raise any capacity and safety. VI. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION The Planning Division concludes that the Conditional Use request will promote the general welfare of the City and will not be significantly detrimental nor injurious to surrounding properties provided that development which occurs after this decision complies with applicable local state and federal laws. In recognition of the findings, staff recommends APPROVAL of Conditional Use Permit CUP 95-0005 subject to the following conditions: ALL CONDITIONS SHALL BE SATISFIED OR COMPLETION SHALL BE FINANCIALLY ASSURED PRIOR TO THE ISSUANCE OF BUILDING PERMITS. UNLESS OTHERWISE NOTED, THE STAFF CONTACT FOR ALL CONDITIONS SHALL BE MICHAEL ANDERSON IN THE ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT, 639-4171. 1. The applicant shall provide for roof and pavement rain drainage to the public stormwater drainage system or by an on-site system designed to prevent runoff onto the adjacent property. STAFF CONTACT: Greg Berry, Engineering Department (639-4171). 2. The applicant shall provide a drainage plan prepared by a Professional Civil Engineer to verify the adequacy of the on- site water quality facility and the storm drain system. STAFF CONTACT: Greg Berry, Engineering Department (639-4171) 3. The applicant shall demonstrate that storm drainage runoff can be discharged into the existing drainageways without significantly impacting properties downstream. STAFF CONTACT: Greg Berry, Engineering Department (639- 4171). 4. Washington County has established and the City has agreed to collect Traffic Impact Fees in accordance with Resolution No. 94-18. The applicant shall pay the fee established for the proposed use. HEARINGS OFFICER - CUP 95-0005 CHRIST THE KING LUTHERAN Page 15 • • 5. The applicant shall place the existing overhead facilities underground or pay the fee in-lieu of undergrounding. 6. Revised site and landscaping plans shall be submitted for review by the Planning Division, Staff Contact: Will D'Andrea. The revised plans shall include the following: a. Parking lot trees. Trees shall be equally distributed on the basis of one tree for each seven parking spaces in order to provide a canopy effect. The minimum dimension on the landscape islands shall be three feet and the landscaping shall be protected from vehicular damage by some form of wheel guard or curb. b. Seven (7) bicycle parking spaces. C. Street trees to be spaced between 20 and 40 feet apart depending on the size classification of the tree at maturity. d. One (1) additional handicapped parking space. 7. An exterior lighting plan shall be submitted to the Police Department for review and approval. Staff Contact: Kelly Jennings, Police Department (639-4171). 8. A tree removal permit for removal of trees having a trunk six inches or more in diameter when measured four feet above the ground. THE FOLLOWING CONDITION(S) SHOULD BE REQUIRED PRIOR TO THE CERTIFICATE OF OCCUPANCY: 9. All site improvements shall be installed as per the approved site plan. CONDITIONAL USE APPROVAL SHALL BE VALID FOR EIGHTEEN MONTHS OF THE EFFECTIVE DATE OF THIS DECISION. HEARINGS OFFICER - CUP 95-0005 CHRIST THE KING LUTHERAN Page 16 "- PREPARED BY: William D'Andrea Assistant Planner APPROVED BY: Richard Bewersdorff Senior Planner ?I-I lq5-- DATE DATE HEARINGS OFFICER - CUP 95-0005 CHRIST THE KING LUTHERAN Page 17 CUP 95-0005 CHRTM THE RING LL MUMN CHURCH • - E PLAN - - ? w BLVD G OVD CT I- N G? D w Q > Q 0 T ti -o VICINITY EXHIBIT MAP (7) NORTH Scala 1'=400' FEET 0 400 800 a W a z Z Z Q J a 0 Q U a? H LL O I- U CASE: CUP 95-0005 2S110AC-01700 Christ the King Lutheran Church Lh\OI3DAT\TIOOOV\NEL8DW0\8%NU 3/13/95 e OL ! DULL OLSON WEEKES a R C a o 4 a C 4 2 June 28, 1995 Community Development Department City of Tigard 13125 SW Hall P.O. Box 23397 Tigard, OR 97223 RE: Christ The King Lutheran Church Conditional Use Application To Whom it may concern: Attached you will find a Conditional Use Application and supporting materials for an expansion project at Christ The King Church, 11305 SW Bull Mtn., Tigard, OR. This 5500 S.F. addition will be attached to the existing 8800 S.F. facility and will be comprised of a large meeting hall, a supporting kitchen with storage rooms and added circulation to the existing building. This addition will provide a space for functions that cannot currently be held in the existing building, i.e.: pancake breakfasts, wedding receptions, and Sunday school instructional space. Although this addition will increase the overall building area, it will not add any additional occupant load to the building. We would like to begin construction on the first of September so as to have the excavation done and floor slabs poured before the rainy season begins. I look forward to hearing from you and if you have any questions please don't hesitate to call me. Sincerely, Dull Olson Weekes Architects Barry De' r Project ager Attachments Conditional Use Application cc: Bob Bozak Christ The King Church ARCHITECTURE / PLANNING / INTERIOR DESIGN 319 SW WASHINGTON ST., NO. 200 / PORTLAND, OR 97204 / (503) 226-6950 FAX (503) 273-9192 I r-CE` 9 L- C i L = R&W 5o onQ-.(NToRg0 onar . 10445 S.W. Canyon Road (503) 644-8849 Suite 200 MEMORANDUM BY FAX fax number: 273-9192 total pages: 1 TO: Barry Deister Dull Olson Weekes Architects FROM Doug Bochsler SUBJECT: Christ the King Addition Plumbing Loads CALL JL;.vl'7 V:Lit?CS Beaverton, Oregon 97005 FAX (503) 520-0840 #090.019.001 June 27, 1995 We have reviewed the existing and proposed plumbing systems for the Christ the King Lutheran Church. We are proposing to connect the new addition sewer to an existing 6 inch stub out. There are 24 total waste fixture units in the proposed addition. A 6 inch pipe at 1/4 inch per foot slope has the capacity to carry 720 waste fixture units. The entire building has 76 total waste fixture units. Again, a 6 inch pipe has more than enough capacity to serve the building. From a supply piping point of view, the required main sizing depends on the city system pressure. There are 91 total supply fixture units in the entire building including the proposed addition. The table below summarizes recommended main sizes for various system pressures. Main Pressure Pipe Size 40 psig 2 inch 60 psig 1-1/2 inch 80 psig 1-1/2 inch The existing piping serving the building is 1 inch. We have shown a new 2 inch pipe on our drawings. Please call if you have any questions or need further information. END OF MEMORANDUM CHRIST THE KING CHURCH DRAINAGE .CALCULATIONS Calculations performed by: Gregory S. Chiodo, P.E. or N 461'14014 \?RY S. BENTLEY ENGINEERING COMPANY ?O C9 ?G<y26:WO 2020 S.W. 4TH, SUITE 950 PORTLAND, OREGON, 97201 'k-1 v.IaZ CHRIST THE KING CHURCH DRAINAGE CALCULATION TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES TECHNIQUES All calculations will done in accordance with the techniques in the King County, Washington "Surface Water Design Manual". References made to tables and figures reference the above named manual. Hydrographs were developed utilizing the Santa Barbara Urban Hydrograph method and the computer program "HYD" as supplied with the "Surface Water Design Manual". The same program group was used to add hydrographs and estimate preliminary pond and orifice sizes. Final pond size, configuration and orif.ice size were determined using routing techniques and the pond inflow hydrograph; a spreadsheet was developed to perform the necessary calculations. PROCEDURE The site as currently developed was divided into 6 drainage areas, numbered 1 thru 6. Drainage areas 3,5 and 6 will be unaffected by this and future developments. A hydrograph for areas 2 and 4 combined and another hydrograph for area 1 were constructed utilizing the existing manhole in 112th as point of consideration. These hydrographs were developed based upon ultimate full development of the site, as shown on the site plans submitted with the church's application for conditional use approval(see order CUP 91-0005). These hydrographs were then added to develop the combined flows from areas 1,2 and 4 for the pre-developed condition. The peak flow from this hydrograph will be the maximum allowed for post development conditions. Only the flows from post development areas 1,2 and 3 can be detained. Therefore, hydrographs for areas 5 and 6 combined and area 4 were developed. These hydrographs were then added to determine the peak flow from areas 4,5 and 6. The allowable release rate from the detention pond is then the difference between this peak rate and the pre-development peak runoff rate. A preliminary pond configuration and orifice size were then determined. Final pond configuration and orifice size were determined thru an iterative process. Only the final iteration is included with these calculations. Pipe sizes were then determined using the rational method. Since distances were short and slopes relatively steep, the time of concentration was assumed to be 5 minutes in all cases. This is a conservative assumption, but not too conservative in this case. 1 , r WATER QUALITY No water quality amenities were provided since it was not practical to provide them within the constraints of the church's conditional use approval without, utilizing the public right-of-way(along the church's east boundary). 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T1Z .?( ? p'? l 1' E F Fza M po tJ 9 OV Q-7- F L-0 -To M.t-1 • Co n1 NF ?T1?? I ?1 1\Z? ?h?w.?w. sl are ?s , '` °?o Q = 3,2 Gam, ? Z,S cars, Ok 0 o Usk ??„ G P.?- . ?CZ-oM PoND a?SZ?fkCl- AGEMA rfM • PUBLIC HEARING NOTICE NOTICE IS HEREBY GIVEN THAT THE TIGARD HEARINGS OFFICER, AT A MEETING ON MONDAY, AUGUST 14. 1995 AT 7:00 PM, IN THE TOWN HALL OF THE TIGARD CIVIC CENTER, CITY OF TIGARD 13125 SW HALL BOULEVARD, TIGARD, OREGON 97223 WILL CONSIDER THE FOLLOWING APPLICATION: FILE NO: CONDITIONAL USE PERMIT (CUP) 95-0004 FILE TITLE: AT & T CELLULAR MONOPOLE APPLICANT: AT & T Wireless Services OWNER: Berschengle Enterprises LLC Attn: Kevin Martin 610 Glatt Circle 1600 SW 4th Avenue Woodburn, OR 97071 PO Box 1119 Portland, OR 97207 REQUEST ? The applicant requests approval of a Conditional Use Permit to erect a fifty-five (55) foot tall steel cellular monopole tower with antennas and an electronic equipment shelter to the west of the Oil Can Henry's site. LOCATION: 12655 SW North Dakota Street (WCTM 1S1 3413C, tax lot 700). Near the southeast corner of Scholls Ferry Road and North Dakota Street. APPLICABLE REVIEW Community Development Code Chapters 18.64,18.100,18.102,18.106,18.108,18.114, CRITERIA: 18.130 and 18.164. ZONE: C-P (Professional Commercial). The Professional Commercial zone allows public agency and administrative services, public support facilities, professional and administrative services, financial, insurance, and real estate services, and business support services. Utilities with significant visual impact are also permitted subject to review and approval of a Conditional Use Permit. THE PUBLIC HEARING ON THIS MATTER WILL BE CONDUCTED IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE RULES OF CHAPTER 18.32 OF THE COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT CODE AND RULES OF PROCEDURE ADOPTED BY THE TIGARD CITY COUNCIL AND AVAILABLE AT CITY HALL, OR RULES OF PROCEDURE SET FORTH IN CHAPTER 18.30. ASSISTIVE LISTENING DEVICES ARE AVAILABLE FOR PERSONS WITH IMPAIRED HEARING. THE CITY WILL ALSO ENDEAVOR TO ARRANGE FOR QUALIFIED SIGN LANGUAGE INTERPRETERS AND QUALIFIED BILINGUAL INTERPRETERS UPON REQUEST. PLEASE CALL (503) 639-4171, EXT. 320 (VOICE) OR (503) 684- 2772 (TDD - TELECOMMUNICATIONS DEVICES FOR THE DEAF) NO LESS THAN ONE WEEK PRIOR TO THE HEARING TO MAKE ARRANGEMENTS. CUP 95-0004 NOTICE OF HEARING'S OFFICER 8/14/95 PUBLIC HEARING AT & T CELLULAR MONOPOLE 0 0 ANYONE WISHING TO PRESENT WRITTEN TESTIMONY ON THIS PROPOSED ACTION MAY DO SO IN WRITING PRIOR TO OR AT THE PUBLIC HEARING. ORAL TESTIMONY MAY BE PRESENTED AT THE PUBLIC HEARING. AT THE PUBLIC HEARING, THE HEARINGS OFFICER WILL RECEIVE A STAFF REPORT PRESENTATION FROM THE CITY PLANNER; OPEN THE PUBLIC HEARING; AND INVITE BOTH ORAL AND WRITTEN TESTIMONY. THE HEARINGS OFFICER MAY CONTINUE THE PUBLIC HEARING TO ANOTHER MEETING TO OBTAIN ADDITIONAL INFORMATION, OR CLOSE THE PUBLIC HEARING AND TAKE ACTION ON THE APPLICATION. IF A PERSON SUBMITS EVIDENCE IN SUPPORT TO THE APPLICATION AFTER JULY 24. 1995. ANY PARTY IS ENTITLED TO REQUEST A CONTINUANCE OF THE HEARING. IF THERE IS NO CONTINUANCE GRANTED AT THE HEARING, ANY PARTICIPANT IN THE HEARING MAY REQUEST THAT THE RECORD REMAIN OPEN FOR AT LEAST SEVEN (7) DAYS AFTER THE HEARING. INCLUDED IN THIS NOTICE IS A LIST OF APPROVAL CRITERIA APPLICABLE TO THE REQUEST FROM THE TIGARD COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT CODE AND THE TIGARD COMPREHENSIVE PLAN. APPROVAL OR DISAPPROVAL OF THE REQUEST BY THE HEARINGS OFFICER WILL BE BASED UPON THESE CRITERIA AND THESE CRITERIA ONLY. AT THE HEARING IT IS IMPORTANT THAT COMMENTS RELATING TO THE REQUEST PERTAIN SPECIFICALLY TO THE APPLICABLE CRITERIA LISTED. FAILURE TO RAISE AN ISSUE IN PERSON OR BY LETTER AT SOME POINT PRIOR TO THE CLOSE OF THE HEARING ON THE REQUEST OR FAILURE TO PROVIDE SUFFICIENT SPECIFICITY TO AFFORD THE DECISION MAKER AN OPPORTUNITY TO RESPOND TO THE ISSUE PRECLUDES AN APPEAL TO THE LAND USE BOARD OF APPEALS BASED ON THAT ISSUE. ALL DOCUMENTS AND APPLICABLE CRITERIA IN THE ABOVE-NOTED FILE ARE AVAILABLE FOR INSPECTION AT NO COST OR COPIES CAN BE OBTAINED FOR TWENTY-FIVE CENTS PER PAGE. AT LEAST SEVEN DAYS PRIOR TO THE HEARING, A COPY OF THE STAFF REPORT WILL BE AVAILABLE FOR INSPECTION AT NO COST, OR A COPY CAN BE OBTAINED FOR TWENTY-FIVE CENTS PER PAGE. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION PLEASE CONTACT THE STAFF PLANNER MARK ROBERTS AT (503) 639-4171, TIGARD CITY HALL, 13125 SW HALL BOULEVARD, TIGARD, OREGON. VICINITY EXHIBIT MAP MT. SC.1I %'.400' FEET .0 _ 400 800 CUP 95-0004 NOTICE OF HEARING'S OFFICER 8/14/95 PUBLIC HEARING AT & T CELLULAR MONOPOLE COMMUNITY NEWSPAPERS, INC. R E C E I V E U P.O. BOX 370 PHONE (503) 684-0360 BEAVERTON, OREGON 97075 AUG 0 B 1995 Legal Notice Advertising eCity H0 Tigard 13125 SW Hall Blvd. ?Tigard,Oregon 97223-8199 Accounts Payable-Terry • ? Tearsheet Notice • ? Duplicate AWA-vit AFFIDAVIT OF PUBLICATION STATE OF OREGON, COUNTY OF WASHINGTON, ass. 1, Kathy Snyder being first duly sworn, depose and say that I am the Advertising Director, or his principal clerk, of theTiclard-Tualatin T?.mes a newspaper of general circulation as defined in ORS 193.010 and 193 020 bii h d t Tigard • h Legal Notice TT 8280 The following will be considered by the Tigard Hearings Officer on Mon- day, August 14, 1995, at 7:00 P.M., at Tigard Civic Center - Town Hall, 13125 S.W. Hall Boulevard, Tigard, Oregon. Both public, oral and written testimony is invited. The public hearing on this matter will be conducted in accordance with the rules of Chapter. 18.32 of the Tigard Municipal Code, and rules and procedures of the Hearings Officer. Failure to raise an issue in person or by letter precludes an appeal, and failure to specify the criterion from the Community Development Code or Comprehensive Plan at which a comment is directed precludes an appeal based on that criterion. Further information may be obtained from the Planning Division at 13125 S.W. Hall Boulevard, Tigard, Oregon 97223, or by calling (503) 639-4171. PUBLIC HEARING: pu s e a in t o aforesaid county and state; that the CONDITIONAL USE PERMIT (CUP) 95-0004 Hearing-CUP 95-0004 AT&T Cellular AT & T CELLULAR MONOPOLE 1 f C d'ti al U Permit to allow con- a printed copy of which is hereto annexed, was published in the entire issue of said newspaper for ONE successive and consecutive in the following issues: August 3,1995 Subscribed and sworn My Commission Expires: AFFIDAVIT c for Oregon The applicant requests approva o a on on se struction of a 55 foot tall steel cellular monopole tower with antennas and I an electronic equipment shelter to improve cellular phone service. LOCA- TION: 12655 S.W. North Dakota Street (WCTM 1S1 34BC, tax lot 700). The parcel south of the southeast comer of S.W. Scholls Ferry Road and S.W. North Dakota Street. ZONE: C-P (Professional Commercial). The Professional Commercial zone allows public agency and administrative services, public support facilities, professional and administrative ser- vices, financial, insurance, and real estate services, and business support services. Utilities with significant visual impact are also permitted subject to review and approval of a Conditional Use Permit. APPLICABLE REVIEW CRITERIA: Community Development Code Chapters 18.64, 16 18.100, 18.102, 18.106, 18.108, 18.114, 18.130, 18.132 and 18.164. t, TT8280 - Publish August 3, 1995. me th 0 TIGARD 0 HEARINGS OFFICER NOTICE: ALL PERSONS DESIRING TO SPEAK ON ANY ITEM MUST SIGN THEIR NAME AND NOTE THEIR ADDRESS ON THIS SHEET...(Please PRINT) A,?? CITY OF TIGARD OREGON AGENDA ITEM #: 1 DATE OF HEARING: 8/14/95]1 2.2 F Page 1 of 2 CASE NUMBER(S): CONDITIONAL USE PERMIT (CUP) 95-0004 -- - - OWNER/APPLICANT: AT & T CELLULAR MONOPOLE LOCATION: 12655 SW NORTH DAKOTA STREET FmAP(S) & TAX LOT(S) NO(S). 1S1 34BC, TAX LOT 00700 PLEASE PRINT YOUR, NAME, ADDRESS, AND INCLUDE YOUR ZIP CODE PROPONENT (For the proposal) OPPONENT (Against the proposal) (Print Name lAddress lZip & Affiliation) .C v l 6v (Print Name/Address/Zip & Affiliation) City: State: W- Zip: 9 ? Lol City: State: Zip: 0' :61S z Name: Name: Address: Address: City: State: Zip: City: State: Zip: Name: Name: Address: Address: City: State: Zip: City: State: Zip: Name: Name: Address: Address: City: State: Zip: City: State: Zip: h: V ogin\ patty\ signinho.mst TIGARD HEARINGS OFFICER NOTICE: ALL PERSONS DESIRING TO SPEAK ON ANY ITEM MUST SIGN THEIR NAME AND NOTE THEIR ADDRESS ON THIS SHEET ...(Please PRINT) A4? CITY OF TIGARD OREGON AGENDA ITEM #: 2.2 FDATE OF HEARING: 8/14/95 Pages of 2 CASE NUMBER(S): Fc--o;ZITIONAL USE PERMIT (CUP) 95-0004 OWNER/APPLICANT: A& T CELLULAR MONOPOLE LOCATION: 12655 SW NORTH DAKOTA STREET =MAP(S) & TAX LOT(S) NO(S). 1S1 34BC, TAX LOT 00700 PLEASE PRINT YOUR. NAME, ADDRESS, AND INCLUDE YOUR. ZIP CODE PROPONENT (For the proposal) -------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- OPPONENT (Against the proposal) (Print Name/Address/Zip & Affiliation) (Print Name/Address/Zip & Affiliation) Name: Name: Address: Address: City: State: Zip: City: State: Zip: Name: Name: Address: Address: City: State: Zip: City: State: Zip: Name: Name: Address: Address: City: State: Zip: City: State: Zip: Name: Name: Address: Address: City: State: Zip: City: State: Zip: Name: Name: Address: Address: City: State: Zip: City: State: Zip: h: \ to gi n\ p a t ty \ si gni n h o. m e t • • BEFORE THE LAND USE HEARINGS OFFICER FOR THE CITY OF TIGARD, OREGON Regarding an application for a conditional use permit ) FINAL ORDER for a 55-foot tall tower for cellular telephone antennas ) in the C-P zone south of Scholls Ferry Road and east of CUP 95-0004 SW North Dakota Street in the City of Tigard, Oregon ) (AT & T Wireless) I. SUMMARY The applicant requests approval of a conditional use permit for a 55-foot tall tower that will support antennas for cellular telephone services and for a related equipment building and associated development. The proposed use will occupy roughly 300 square feet of land at the southeast corner of an existing undeveloped parcel. Access will be provided by means a driveway to a private street north of the parcel and hence to North Dakota Street. The cellular tower site will be fenced and landscaping will be installed on the site and on the host parcel. A duly noticed public hearing was held to review the application. City staff recommended conditional approval. The applicant accepted the recommendation without objections. One occupant of a property adjoining the site testified with questions. The hearings officer approves the conditional use permit as provided herein. H. FINDINGS ABOUT SITE, SURROUNDINGS AND PUBLIC FACILITIES The hearings officer incorporates by reference the findings about the site and surroundings in Section II of the City of Tigard Staff Reported dated August 4, 1995 (the "Staff Report"), and the agency comments in Section IV of the Staff Report. III. APPLICABLE APPROVAL STANDARDS The hearings officer incorporates by reference the approval standards in Section III of the Staff Report. IV. HEARINGS AND RECORD 1. Hearings Officer Larry Epstein (the "hearings officer") received testimony at the public hearing about this application on August 14, 1995. The record closed at the conclusion of the hearing. The testimony is included herein as Exhibit A (Parties of Record), Exhibit B (Taped Proceedings), and Exhibit C (Written Testimony). These exhibits are filed at the Tigard City Hall. 2. At the hearing, city planner Mark Roberts summarized the Staff Report. The applicant's representative, Kevin Martin, accepted the Staff Report including the conditions of approval. Jodi Duty, representing Kinder Care, a nearby daycare center, testified with questions about potential health impacts of cellular telephone transmissions. The hearings officer and applicant's representative responded to those questions. V. EVALUATION OF REQUEST City staff recommended conditional approval of the conditional use permit subject to conditions for the reasons listed in the Staff Report. The hearings officer concludes those reasons are sufficient to warrant approval of the application, and adopts and incorporates those findings about compliance with the Community Development Code and C? • Comprehensive Plan in Section III of the Staff Report as the basis for approval of the conditional use permit. VI. CONCLUSION AND DECISION 1. Based on the findings adopted and incorporated herein, the hearings officer concludes that the proposed conditional use permit complies with the applicable criteria and standards of the Community Development Code, provided development that occurs after this decision complies with applicable local, state, and federal laws and with conditions of approval warranted to ensure such compliance occurs. 2. In recognition of the findings and conclusions contained herein, and incorporating the Staff Report and other reports of effect agencies and public testimony and exhibits received in this matter, the hearings officer hereby approves CUP 95-0004, subject to the conditions of approval in Section VI of the Staff Report. 24th davef"?dzust, 1995. Larry Eps fin, ? / `" - City of Tigfard s Officer • AG'ItNDA ITEM: 2-2 BEFORE THE LAND USE HEARINGS OFFICER FOR THE CITY OF TIGARD, OREGON Regarding an application by AT & T to construct a 55 foot antenna tower and a 60 to 77 square foot equipment shed. 1. SUMMARY OF THE REQUEST CASE: Conditional Use Permit CUP 95-6004 STAFF REPORT CUP 95-0004 SUMMARY: The applicant requests Conditional Use approval to allow construction of a 55 foot cellular tower to improve cellular phone service. APPLICANT: AT & T Wireless Services OWNERS: Berschengle Enterprises LLC P.O. Box 1119 610 Glatt Circle Portland, OR 97207 Woodburn, OR 97071 COMPREHENSIVE PLAN DESIGNATION: C-P (Professional Commercial). ZONING DESIGNATION: C-P (Professional Commercial). LOCATION: The parcel south of the southeast corner of North Dakota and SW Scholls Ferry Road (WCTM 1S1 34BC, tax lot 700). APPLICABLE LAW: Community Development Code Chapters 18.64, 18.100, 18.102, 18.106, 18.108, 18.114, 18.130, 18.132 and 18.164. STAFF RECOMMENDATION: ? Approval subject to conditions II. FINDINGS ABOUT SITE AND SURROUNDINGS A. Background Information: The City has no record of any other recent land use applications having been submitted for this property. The applicant has proposed to develop the cellular phone site to improve cellular phone service for this part of the Beaverton/Tigard Metropolitan Area. HEARING'S OFFICER CUP 95-0004 - AT&T CELLULAR MONOPOLE PAGE 1 • • B. Site size and shape: The subject parcel contains approximately .81 acres of which a total of 300 square feet have been leased. The site which has been leased consists of an access easement to a private drive which serve other existing commercial uses and a rectangular leased area which would measure 12 feet by 25. The site is relatively level and contains no existing vegetation. C. Site Location: The site is located approximately 450 feet south of the south east corner of SW North Dakota Street and SW Scholls Ferry Road. D. Existing uses and structures: The subject property is a vacant .81 acre site. The proposed lease hold area for development of the antenna is 300 square feet. E. Surrounding land uses: The properties immediately to the north of the site is a parcel which is zoned Neighborhood Commercial and is developed with a medical office building. To the west of the site proposed for the cellular monopole are remaining vacant areas which are also zoned Commercial Professional. To the south is a property which is zoned Multiple Family Residential (R-25) and is developed with an existing apartment complex. III. APPLICABLE APPROVAL STANDARDS A. Community Development Code: 1. Section 18.64 (Development Standards) allows Utilities subject to approval of a Conditional Use Permit. The Development Code defines uses such as the proposed antenna tower as a utility which is a conditionally permitted use within Commercial Professional (CP) Zoning District. Section 18.64 specifies that a minimum of 6,000 square feet shall be provided in the CP Zone. The applicant has proposed to lease a portion of a site which is 35,284 square feet in size. For this reason the site meets the minimum development site square footage requirement. The parcel averages 171 feet HEARING'S OFFICER CUP 95-0004 - AT&T CELLULAR MONOPOLE PAGE 2 • • in width which exceeds the 50 foot average width requirement. Section 18.64 does not require that setbacks be provided other than from the centerline of certain streets, within clear vision areas and for parking lot screening purposes. These standards either do not apply due to the nature of the proposal or are addressed elsewhere within this report. A minimum of a 20 foot setback is required between development within the rear yard of a CP zoned site and an adjoining residential zoning district. Because the site adjoins an R-25 site the applicant has provided a 20 foot setback on the preliminary site plan in compliance with the applicable setback standard. Section 18.64 specifies that a maximum height of 45 feet is permitted for habitable structures. Section 18.98 provides an exemption to this standard which allows habitable structures to be developed up to 75 feet in height provided certain setback requirements are met. Section 18.98 provides an exemption from height limits for all non-habitable structures. Section 18.64 specifies that the minimum landscaping requirement shall be 15 percent. Fifteen percent of the leased area of the site is 45 square feet. The applicant has shown a Photinia Hedge to be planted within a four foot by 25 foot area to the west of the actual lease hold area. The area to be landscaped meets the minimum 15% area standard however the applicant shall demonstrate that as a part of the lease agreement that they are entitled to plant landscaping outside the leasehold area. The applicant shall also demonstrate how the proposed landscaping will be irrigated where necessary. 2. Section 18.100 (Landscaping and Screening) provides standards for landscaping and screening for between uses of varying intensity. This section does not provide specific land use buffers between a Utility use and a residential or commercial use. The applicant has proposed to provide a Photinia Hedge to screen the facility from view of SW North Dakota. The applicant has also proposed to plant two Pine trees towards the apartment site to the south of this property. 3. Section 18.102 (Visual Clearance) requires that a visual clearance area be maintained along the intersections of all public and private right-of-ways. Because no site improvements are proposed at the intersection of the access easement to this site and the existing commercial driveway that no structures have been proposed which would interfere with a motorist's vision entering HEARING'S OFFICER CUP 95-0004 - AT&T CELLULAR MONOPOLE PAGE 3 0 • or exiting the site. 4. Section 18.106 (Parking) does not specify a specific parking ratio for an unmanned utility use. Section 18.106.050.J.1 specifies that with the exception one and two family residential dwelling units, temporary uses and fleet storage uses that all areas to be used maneuvering of vehicles shall be paved. For this reason the site plan shall be revised to indicate that the driveway and leasehold areas to be used for vehicle maneuvering are shown to be paved with a minimum of an asphalt surface. Section 18.106 (Bicycle Facilities) requires one bicycle parking space is for each 15 required automobile parking spaces. Because this site is not intended to be an unstaffed utility this standard is not deemed to be applicable. 5. Section 18.108 (Access and Circulation) requires that a pedestrian walkway extend from the ground floor entrances from commercial and industrial development to the streets which provides the required pedestrian access and egress. Because the site is an unstaffed utility facility this standard is not deemed to be applicable to this proposal. Section 18.108.080 does not provide a minimum standard for utility facilities. Because the proposal is not planned to be a staffed installation a residential type driveway with 15 feet of access width has been proposed in compliance with the Development Code requirements. This access road is of sufficient width given the limited periodic site maintenance access which is necessary to service this facility. 6. The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). Became effective on January 26, 1992. The act requires one disabled person parking space if one (1) to twenty-five (25) parking spaces are provided. Because this facility does not require parking The Building Department will review the site for ADA compliance through the Building Permit Plan Check Review. 7. Section 18.114 (Signage) states that one freestanding sign up to 32 square feet per face may be permitted in the Commercial-Professional zone. Wall signs are limited to five (5) percent of the size of the wall which the sign is to be mounted on. No signs have been proposed as a part of this application. Sign permits must be obtained prior to the installation of any sign on the premises. HEARING'S OFFICER CUP 95-0004 - AT&T CELLULAR MONOPOLE PAGE 4 0 8. Section 18.130.040 (Conditional Use Permits) contains the following general approval criteria for a Conditional Use: 1) The site size and dimensions provide: a. Adequate area for the needs of the proposed use; and b. Adequate area for aesthetic design treatment to mitigate possible adverse effects from the use on surrounding properties and uses. 2) The characteristics of the site are suitable for the proposed use considering size, shape, location, topography, and natural features. 3) All required public facilities have adequate capacity to serve the proposal. 4) The applicable requirements of the zoning district are met except as modified by this chapter. 5) The supplementary requirements set forth in Chapter 18.114 (Signs) and Section 18.120.180 Site Development Review are met. 6) The use will comply with the applicable policies of the Comprehensive Plan. The use as revised through the recommended Conditions of Approval complies with all site development standards set forth for the Commercial Professional Zoning District. The property is physically separated from most residential areas due to its location which provide buffers from adjoining residential uses. Existing vegetation will partially screen the monopole from the adjoining multiple residential development to the south. The applicant has not requested that public facilities be made available to serve this development as proposed. All applicable standards of the zoning district are met by this proposal as reviewed within this staff report. The use complies with the site development standards as provided by the applicable standards reviewed within this report. The use is defined as a Minor Impact Utility due to the type of proposed facility. The locational criteria for a Minor Impact Utility is that the site have HEARING'S OFFICER CUP 95-0004 - AT&T CELLULAR MONOPOLE PAGE 5 • • access to a minor collector street. The site is proposed to be provided within an easement to commercial driveway which provides direct access to SW Scholls Ferry Road and SW North Dakota which are designated as an Arterial and Minor Collector Streets respectively. Traffic will not be routed through local streets to access this facility. The antenna facility will not generate substantial traffic, light or other impacts because the facility will be an unstaffed utility site. The development of this 300 square foot area will not generate large scale construction impacts due to the type of improvements which are planned. The site will also not require a parking lot area due to the type of proposed facility. Because the facility is an unmanned facility the privacy of neighboring residential areas is maintained. The applicant has also proposed to blend the antenna into the area and reduce the visual impact of the antenna through the planting of trees and shrubs. The antenna itself is depicted in the applicants submittal as being a neutral sky blue or grey in color so as to not draw attention to the structure. No other unique natural features have been noted on this site. The property is level and requires no significant grading or engineering to develop the site as proposed. The applicant has not proposed to develop a site larger than needed for the proposed use which maximizes energy efficiency and convenience. 9. Section 18.164 (Streets and Utilities) contains development standards for streets and utilities. a. Section 18.164.030(A) requires streets within and adjoining a development to be dedicated and improved based on the classification of the street. b. Section 18.164.030(E) requires a Minor Collector street to have a minimum 60 feet of right-of-way, a 40 feet minimum roadway width, and 2-3 moving lanes. C. Section 18.164.070(A) requires sidewalks adjoining both sides of a major collector streets. d. Section 18.164.090 requires sanitary sewer service. HEARING'S OFFICER CUP 95-0004 - AT&T CELLULAR MONOPOLE PAGE 6 • • e. Section 18.164.100 requires adequate provisions for storm water runoff and dedication of easements for storm drainage facilities. The Engineering Department has reviewed the street and public utility needs for this site. Because this facility will not directly adjoin or access a public street no conditions of approval have been recommended concerning street or sidewalk improvements. The applicant has also not proposed to extend utility services to the site. IV. OTHER STAFF COMMENTS The Engineering Department has reviewed the proposal and had no comments or concerns because no public works driveway or to bring utilities to the site. V. CIT & AGENCY COMMENTS 1. The Land Use Subcommittee for the West Citizen Involvement Team was notified of the proposed Conditional Use Permit. The Involvement Team has not provided any comments or objections to this development. In addition, applicant conducted a neighborhood meeting regarding this request. 2. No other comments were received by the Planning Division. VI. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION The Planning Division concludes that the Conditional Use request for this existing site will promote the general welfare of the City and will not be significantly detrimental nor injurious to surrounding properties provided that development which occurs after this decision complies with applicable local state and federal laws. In recognition of the findings staff recommends APPROVAL of Conditional Use Permit proposal CUP 95-0004 subject to the conditions which follow. ALL CONDITIONS SHALL BE SATISFIED PRIOR TO THE ISSUANCE OF BUILDING PERMITS. 1. The applicant shall submit a revised site and landscaping plans that shows provision for the following: STAFF CONTACT: Mark Roberts, Planning Division. a. The driveway and lease hold area to be used for vehicle maneuvering are HEARING'S OFFICER CUP 95-0004 - AT&T CELLULAR MONOPOLE PAGE 7 • shown to be paved with a minimum of an asphalt surface. b. The applicant shall demonstrate that as a part of the lease agreement that they are entitled to plant landscaping outside the leasehold area. The applicant shall also demonstrate how the proposed landscaping will be irrigated where necessary. CONDITIONAL USE APPROVAL SHALL BE VALID FOR EIGHTEEN MONTHS FROM THE EFFECTIVE DATE OF THIS DECISION. . fA62/-,C 6? - Prepared By: Mark Roberts Associate Planner 8/4/95 Date Approved By: Dick Bewersdorff Date Senior Planner HEARING'S OFFICER CUP 95-0004 - AT&T CELLULAR MONOPOLE PAGE 8 r1 D=ND &WROCU 1NCREEY_ AND UiIUfY EASEXEM PD? JFEr O B 90-- 178M AND 9 p DMN0 13.0' SWARM SEM ? y EASENENI PER fE£ Na 90-06136 CURD ----------- ? (PRIVA - TE STREET) a N 89154'18" E 206.17' ?GTCN EtISM W pmq POLE I x? Q WARF I STW ?? Box ati - _____________ _-------- __ --- WA MW 4 E? VALVE GBf£ T.Y. ------------- - i RLSER -- ----- 19 ------- VALVE ' .1 ? VAL O I? , ,. ^ EASEMEM PER fFE NQ 9062671 O OO 1 g z ? sUw CONCREIE OIL CAN "' WA7(R 3Y DA Z HENRY GS A(E1ER f . M ? '+i 3 (VACANT LOT) , I 3 ` ? ? g PARCEL 1 1 N J e go o PARCEL 2 2 a C? ACCQS AND VIRRY--i EASEMENT r12 7• SEnuRDrFDCE AROUND LEASE AREA I 'X10' EDUIPMEM \ 3. G6MET 25' IO I SITE Q ° ' " AIOVOPOL? • SLTD,CX 33' N 89 52 28 E 105.92' LL O U PLOT PLAN CASE NO. EXHIBIT MAP 11 CUP 95-0004 AT & T CELLULAR MONOPOLE O yam/` U A g x PERCHER z LN `Q w D: W > LU H Q U) Q K DR o F=- w > w F- DALE GALLO W AYG LO N ST U w 0 U gp,Y LN LEVELAND C T ARP AN LN RD BERRY r ? U N\ _ N SPRING v ° 0 BEARD o CT ST SNO 0 t G? z ANTO y o N WA --I -? J a o_ a x Lo N G\Q. ?y N DAKOTA `\I ST SUMMER LAKE EDG ATER M CT I PARK CT cr - UL VICINITY EXHIBIT MAP T NORTH Scale 1"=400' FEET 0 400 800 a W U Z z z Q J CL oc Q F LL F- 0 CASE: CUP 95-0004 1S134BC-00700 AT&T CELLULAR MONOPOLE M:\GISDAT\TIGC0V\NELSDWG\SXN13 3/13/95 I \ I ' ?? 0 aQA. U A W PERCHERON z LN T ¢ W > w J H Q Q K DR cc 2 w > w F- N DALE ALLOWA ST 03 w 0 } LN C-) CLEVELAND g AY TAaPAN LN t- RD BERRY r U O n N Spq?N C ?4(f m ?? e m %sl Ck ? BEARD "' ST CT SNO 0 m G? z AN y o ti WA' O? 1T TFTT 2 o D- a G\P ~ ~ Lo N ?'? N ro N DAKOTA sr C T S LI IN'I IN%I C R r EDG AT ER M? CT -, A, k CT E -m VICINITY( EXHIBIT MAP NORTH Scale 1"_400' FEET 0 400 800 a W 0 0 Z 00000 z z Q J a 0 oC Q 0 LL } N U CASE: CUP 95-0004 1S134BC-00700 AT&T CELLULAR MONOPOLE M,\GIS0AT\TIGC0V\NELSDWG\SXN13 3/13/95 I Ea1S7tNC REtrPlalx,¢ o?_ EdPESS AN0 uwn £,?Earfxr vtx hiF nn a0 r7AS7 AND $ t]ar1MC rio swrvrr g11fR } sv-Zrlos FtisE'iFNt vEx rtF na so-oar?a (PRIVATE STREET) N 89.54 18" E 106.17' ?ura1 ec ? /GMfR AIYF I SN Man VAL? T-T i.V -------- - - ---- _------ --- 1 E-4 =-_Q II 1 --- -- I ? ? ?? II ' 1 fltE?fIIJf nr Na 0?0-a gn O g 1 OT OIL CAN -. I A a '; OR 1 ? ?o Y HENR ~ N ? 1 I i ? 6tt LE'kR (VACANT LOT) I = Z PARCEL 1 g PARCEL 2 ctsewvff ?+-!2 7' SMt0W FDKL' i AROM !EASE MF1 16'XfO' EDWAVII a MfiWr ?s• ro I SITE u• - jr IAS - ?•SETB?!x a W 0 0 Z z z CL 0 cic a V LL 0 H U PLOT PLAN EXHIBIT MAP CASE NO. CUP 95-0004 AT.& T CELLULAR MONOPOLE NI 4 CITY OF TiGARD, OREGON CONDITIONAL USE APPLICATION CITY OF TIGARD, 13125 SW Hall, PO Box 23397 Tigard, Oregon 97223 - (503) 639-4171 1. GENERAL INFORMATION PROPERTY ADDRESS /LOCATION Near southeast corner of Scholls Ferry Road and North Dakota Street TAX MAP AND TAR LOT NO. 1S1 34BC 00700 SITE SIZE 0.81 Acres (300 square feet leased) PROPERTY OWNER/DEED HOLDER* Berschenzle Enterprises LLC ADDRESS 610 Glatt Circle PHONE CITY Woodburn, OR ZIP 97071 APPLICANT* AT&T Wireless Services c/o Kevin Martin ADDRESS PO Box 1119 PHONE 503-306-7391 CITY Portland OR ZIP 97207 *When the owner and the applicant are different people, the applicant must be the purchaser of record or a lessee in possession with written authorization from the owner or an agent of the owner with written authorization. The owner(s) must sign this application in the space provided on page two or submit a written authorization with this application. 2. PROPOSAL SUMMARY The owners of record of the subject property request conditional use approval to allow Conditional Use for a cellular telephone communication facility consisiting of a 55 foot steel pole with antennas and an electronic equipment shelter. 0736P/23P Rev'd: 3/88 . ?eld J-f I? !emu <31?' Q.44 !fX- FOR STAFF USE ONLY CASE NO. OTHER CASE NO'S: RECEIPT NO. APPLICATION ACCEPTED BY: DATE: Application elements submitted: (A) Application form (1) (B) Owner's signature/written authorization (C) Title transfer instrument (1) (D) Assessor's map (1) (E) Site plan (pre-app.checklist) (F) Applicant's statement (pre-app. checklist) (G) List of property owners and addresses within 250 feet (1) (H) Filing fee ($365) DATE DETERMINED TO BE COMPLETE: FINAL DECISION DEADLINE: COMP. PLAN/ZONE DESIGNATION: N.P.O. Number: Hearings Officer Approval Date: Final Approval Date:. Planning Engineering 3. List any variance, sensitive lands permit, or other land use actions to be considered as part of this application: none 4. Applicants: To have a complete application you will need to submit attachments described in the attached information sheet at the time you submit this application. 5. THE APPLICANT(S) SHALL CERTIFY THAT: A. The above request does not violate any deed restrictions that may be attached to or imposed upon the subject property. B. If the application is granted, the applicant will exercise the rights granted in accordance with the terms and subject to all the conditions and limitations of the approval. C. All of the above statements and the statements in the plot plan, attachments, and exhibits transmitted herewith, are true; and the applicants so acknowledge that any permit issued, based on this application, may be revoked if it is found that any such statements are false. D. The applicant has read the entire contents of the application, including the policies and criteria, and understands the requirements for approving or denying the application. DATED this 12th day of June 1995 SIGNATURES of each owner (eg. husband and wife) of the subject property. Owner: (authorization letter attached) Applicant: -= ? il Z?- z Ron Fowler, Real Estate Manager AT&T Wireless Services It (KSL:pm/0736P) City of Tigard Planning Department Tigard, Oregon 97223 ,9401 STAN -WILEY INC., REALTORS March 31, 1995 RE: Application for Planning Approval To Whom it may concern: The undersigned property owner(s) are negotiating with Interstate Mobilephone Co., dba Cellular One, to finalize a lease on our property on SW N. Dakota Street being located within Parcel 1., of PARTITION PLAT NO. 1993-058, as found in Partition Book 1993, Page 058, of Plat Records of Washington County Oregon, in the Citv of Tigard. We are aware of the need for Interstate Mobilephone Co., Cellular one application to the City of Tigard for conditional use and/or Planning Department Approval of their proposed plans and building permits. We have no objection to their making such applications at their cost and risk. Please accept this letter as authority from the property owners to allow the processing of such applications. Very ,truly) yours, E ENTERPRISES, L. L. C. Owner by : xoert En Authorized Rep 610 Glatt Circ Woodburn, OR le, Attorn esentative e 7071 Moreland Office 7122 S.E. Milwaukie Avenue Portland, Oregon 97202 Office (503) 232-6000 FAX (503) 232-7032 T i ?loj z? e t- p t ;. f z t 1- 1. :n S t t ff iaet?1 i +.L A ,'q h i ? 9 ;aisamgta''anus; c;aroght'. &1AL Igle ':eon"''ahd `Wa#tnts:'`td=^Grahke 'D GI, ENTERPRISES, L.L.C., an Oregon Limited Liability Company; the hereinafter `descrlbcd':' . real property, free of encumbrances except as specifically set forth heroin; situawd'in . Washington County, Oregon. Constderadon: The true and actual consideration for this transfer is $ NOtie. Tax Statements: Until a change is requested, all tax statements shall be sent to the following address: No change. Person authorized to receive the instrument after recording: Robert L Engle, .610 Glatt Circle, Woodburn, OR 97071. 6(P14 [LEGAL DESCRIPTION] Parcel 1, of PARTITION PLAT NO. 1993-058, as found in Partition Book 1993, Page 058, of Plat Records of Washington County, Oregon, in the City of Tigard, County of Washington and State of Oregon. The property is free from encumbrances except exceptions of record. THIS INSTRUMENT WILL NOT ALLOW USE OF THE PROPERTY DESCRIBED IN THIS INSTRUMENT IN VIOLATION OF APPLICABLE LAND USE LAWS AND REGULATIONS. BEFORE SIGNING OR ACCEPTING THIS INSTRUMENT, THE PERSON ACQUIRING FEE TITLE TO THE PROPERTY SHOULD CHECK WITH THE APPROPRIATE CITY OR COUNTY PLANNING DEPARTMENT TO VERIFY APPROVED USES. THE PROPERTY DESCRIBED IN THIS INSTRUMENT MAY NOT BE WITHIN A FIRE PROTECTION DISTRICT PROTECTING STRUCTURES. THE PROPERTY IS SUBJECT TO LAND USE LAWS AND REGULATIONS, WHICH, IN FARM OR FOREST ZONES, MAY NOT AUTHORIZE CONSTRUCTION OR SITING OF A RESIDENCE AND WHICH LIMIT LAWSUITS AGAINST FARMING OR FOREST PRACTICES AS DEFINED IN ORS 30,930 IN ALL ZONES. BEFORE SIGNING OR ACCEPTING THIS INSTRUMENT, THE PERSON ACQUIRING FEE I= TO THE PROPERTY SHOULD CHECK WITH THE APPROPRIATE CITY OR COUNTY PLANNING DEPARTMENT TO VERIFY APPROVED USES AND EXISTENCE OF FIRE PROTECTION FOR STRUCTURES, Page 1 - WARRANTY DEED JBERSHENOLE ENTERPRISES to BERSNENOLE LLCJ ENGLE L SCHMIOTlUN ATTOF#" AT LAW 17 wanewoo area PW - 6to oun a+ou f//_ Moooww, on?oo? i70T1 ? manraa Rost aortae q ,.'?'hr f ? r;i?r 4R' ra,,. 1 trey.'}ham A• t{fr i .r +r{ STATE OF OREGON ) "r ,,, ;? t.>r :,w ?'•' i ? 6unty Of MBriOn ) ?' M 'The, foregoing ' instrument was acknowledged beforo me tli 1994, by F. Clarke Berryman and Patrlda`G'aMri ISFJ.; Not blic for Oro a JhUl.71 My Commission Expires." STATE OF OREGON ) County of Marlon ) The' foregoing instrument was acknowledged before me ,th Der- , 1994, by Marvin C. Shelby and Carol A. Shelby::; 1L' 1Y•;4 SEAL r ," n?:r %•?! ,'.. Y :'.??i` AMY E. KEETH f Notary lic for Oregon,' =' .??w:;,.•.',,,.'?^,';''',?.':Jt.:c NOTARY PUBLIC • OREGON I My Commission Expires: ?^%''? COMMISSION N0.00,99.18 ,; . ?r: <;•.Ir?;: M1'C0L1d11SS10NIXPIRESJA2121,1^9?1 "'?'''" STATE OF OREGON ss. County of Marion ) r° The foregoing instrument was acknowledged before me this Z day 1994, by Robert L Engle and Carolyn A. Engle. OFFICIAL SEAL 1 AMY E. KEETH NOTARY PUBLIC • OREGON COMMISSION NO. 003848 j MYCOMMISSION EXPIRES JAN 21, 1995 Notary ublic for Oregon My Commission Expires: el Pago 3 - WARRANTY DEED Is n m m e7mm"ma9 to ummu HOLE UCJ EN0T A MATjr 1 ATOhAY? AT lAW L_y\1 IIOf11W14W OFF PMM • 610 OMTT ' 1 11 MCOI I GFNIOOO 07071 • Tap" M P" M1-G100 . u. D .p ?p AT&T 0 Cellular Division CONDITIONAL USE APPLICATION June 12, 1995 APPLICANT: Interstate Mobilephone Co. dba AT&T Wireless Services (formerly Cellular One) PO Box 1119 Portland, OR 97207 REPRESENTATIVE: Kevin Martin Land Use Coordinator AT&T Wireless Services PO Box 1119 Portland OR 97207 Telephone: 503-306-7391 Fax: 503-306-7486 PROPERTY OWNER: Berschengle Enterprises, L.L.C. Attn. Bob Engle, Attorney 610 Glatt Circle Woodburn, OR 97071 SITE DESCRIPTION: Tax Lot 700, Map 1S 1 34BC 0.81 acres (portion) 300 square feet leased for cell site LAND USE DESIGNATION: Commercial Professional (C-P) REQUEST: Conditional use for a cellular telephone communication facility consisting of a 55 foot steel pole with antennas, and an electronic equipment shelter. AT&T Wireless Services 1600 SW 4th Avenue Portland, OR 97201 OD Q?3 Recycled Paper Scholls Ferry/North Dakota Cell Site Conditional Use Application Page 2 APPLICABLE STANDARDS A. General Findings B. Tigard Community Development Code: 1) 18.64 C-P ProfessionaVAdministrative Office Commercial District 2) 18.130 Conditional Use 3) 18.100 Landscaping and Screening 4) 18.102 Visual Clearance Areas 5) 18.106 Off-Street Parking and Loading Requirements 6) 18.108 Access, Egress, and Circulation 7) 18.114 Signs 8) 18.164 Street and Utility Improvement Standards C. Tigard Comprehensive Plan Policies: 1) Policy 2 Citizen Input 2) Policy 4 Water Quality 3) Policy 7 Public Utilities 4) Policy 8 Street Improvements 5) Policy 12 Locational Criteria A. General Findinas Project Description AT&T Wireless Services is requesting approval to construct and operate a "cell site" on a vacant parcel next to Oil Can Henry's southeast of the intersection of Scholls Ferry Road and North Dakota Street (Exhibit 1). The cell site will consist of a 55 foot steel pole with cellular antennas, a 6'x 10' or 7'x 11' equipment shelter, and radio communications equipment necessary for a cellular mobile telephone system (Exhibit 2). AT&T Wireless Services is one of the two licensees authorized by the Federal Communications Commission to provide cellular telephone service in the metropolitan area, including the City of Tigard. To provide this service, a network of "cell sites" must be established in the region. Each cell site consists of transmitting and receiving antennas mounted on a communication tower or other suitable structure; an equipment shelter; radios for receiving and transmitting wireless telephone calls; and extensive electronic equipment to operate the radios, interface with other cell sites, provide connections to the landline telephone network, and link the cell site with the Mobile Switching Center (MSC). All cell sites are connected to a MSC. AT&T Wireless Services currently has two mobile switching centers, both located in the Portland area. The MSC operates the cellular telephone system. It controls all calls into and out of the system, tracks system usage for billing purposes, coordinates cell site interaction, and monitors the performance of individual cell sites and portable telephones. The Scholls Ferry Road area is currently served by AT&T Wireless Services' existing cell site on the Tyco water tower. The Tyco site is currently at capacity. The proposed cell site at Scholls Ferry Road/North Dakota Street will provide additional capacity to handle an increasing volume of calls as well as improving service to areas which are currently in topographic "shadows' and unable to "see" the water tank site. As stated previously, AT&T Wireless Services is one of the two licensees authorized by the Scholls Ferry/North Dakota Cell Site Conditional Use Application Page 3 FCC to provide cellular telephone service in this area. AT&T Wireless Services is obligated to provide adequate capacity and coverage in order to maintain its license. This specific site was selected after lengthy analysis by the applicant's engineers. Selection criteria included: limitations imposed by surrounding topography, the intended service area of the cell site, and the ability of the new site to "see" other sites from its proposed location. Other selection factors included suitable access, availability of electrical service, and a willing property lessor. Approval of this cell site will enable AT&T Wireless Services to expand and enhance coverage along the Scholls Ferry Road corridor between Tigard and Beaverton, not only for the general public but emergency service providers as well. B. Tigard Community Development Code The following sections of the Tigard Community Development Code are applicable to this application: 1) Chapter 18.64 C-P: PROFESSIONAUADM/N/STRATNE OFFICE COMMERCIAL DISTRICT 18.64.040 Conditional Uses (See Chapter 19.130) A. Conditional uses in the C-P district are as follows. 3. Utilities... The hearings officer has previously found that a cellular telephone antenna and accessory structures is a communication utility allowed under 18.64.040(A)(3) [Case Number CUP 94-0003NAR 94-0002]. 2) Chapter 18.130 CONDITIONAL USE 18.130.040 Approval Standards and Conditions A. The Hearings Officer shall approve, approve with conditions, or deny an application for a conditional use or to enlarge or alter a conditional use based on findings of fact with respect to each of the following criteria: 1. The site size and dimensions provide adequate area for the needs of the proposed use; Section 18.64.050(A)(1) requires a minimum lot size of 6000 square feet in the C-P district. Tax Lot 700 totals 35,284 square feet. Section 18.64.050(A)(2) requires a minimum lot width of 50 feet. Tax Lot 700 is 171 feet wide. Section 18.64.050(A)(3) requires a 20 foot setback for any development that abuts a residential district. The property to the south is zoned R-25. The cell site will be contained in an area which measures 12 feet x 25 feet for a total of 300 square feet. Tax Lot 700 is more than large enough to accommodate this small development. The proposed steel pole will be set back 20 feet from the south property line where it abuts the R-25 district. The cell site will be located on property leased from the owner of Tax Lot 700. Since a new parcel is not created by this application, the development will comply with the 6000 square foot minimum lot size. Scholls Ferry/North Dakota Cell Site Conditional Use Application Page 4 The proposed steel pole is 55 feet tall. Section 18.64.050(A)(4) limits building height in the C-P district to 45 feet. However, Section 18.98.010(A) allows utility towers to exceed the maximum height limit of the C-P district. Section 18.64.050(A)(5) limits site coverage by buildings and other impervious surfaces to 85 percent. The cell site will occupy only 300 square feet out of the total lot area of 35,284 square feet. The minimum amount of landscaping required for the 300 square feet occupied by the cell site is 45 square feet. The pine trees that will be planted in the 20 foot setback and the hedge on the west side of the shelter and monopole will provide over 1000 square feet of landscaped area. 2. The characteristics of the site are suitable for the proposed use considering size, shape, location, topography, and natural features; As discussed under (1) above, Tax Lot 700 can easily accommodate the small improvements proposed by AT&T Wireless Services. As viewed in Exhibit 1, the property is vacant, flat and has no significant natural features to consider in site development. The cell site will be located in a commercial zone, and is geographically situated to meet the engineering objectives for providing improved cellular coverage along the Scholls Ferry Road corridor between Tigard and Beaverton. 3. Ali required public facilities have adequate capacity to serve the proposal; Access, telephone service and electric power are the only public facilities required by the proposed use. No personnel will be stationed at the site. The cell site is operated and monitored by remote control from the Mobile Switching Center. The equipment building has no water or bathroom facilities and is not designed to house employees. The shelter is a utility cabinet, intended only to enclose and protect the radios and electronics and to provide a weather-proof enclosure for technicians while doing maintenance work, typically once or twice a month. Therefore, water and sewer connections are not necessary. 4. The applicable requirements of the zoning district are met except as modified by this chapter, All applicable requirements of the zoning district are addressed in this application. 5. The supplementary requirements set forth in Chapter 18.114, Signs, and Section 18.120.180, Approval Standards, if applicable, are met, No signs are proposed for the cell site. The following provisions of Section 18.120.180(A) are applicable to this conditional use: 1. Provisions of the following chapters. a. ... Sensitive Lands There are no sensitive lands inventoried on the property, therefore these provisions are not applicable. C. ...Density Computations No housing development is associated with this development, therefore these provisions are not applicable. Scholls Ferry/North Dakota Cell Site Conditional Use Application Page 5 d. ...Accessory uses and Structures The cell site is being reviewed as a primary use, therefore these provisions are not applicable. e. ...Additional Yard Area Requirements Section 18.96.020(6)(2) requires a setback of 30 feet from the centerline of North Dakota Avenue. The measured setback for the cell site is approximately 230 feet. f. ...Building Height Limitations: Exceptions Section 18.98.010(A) allows utility towers to exceed the maximum height limit of the C-P district. g. ...Landscaping and Screening See Section 18.100 below. h. ... Visual Clearance Areas See Section 18.102 below. ...Off-Street Parking and Loading See Section 18.106 below. I ...Access, Egress, and Circulation See Section 18.108 below. k. ... Signs No signs are proposed for the cell site. ... Tree Removal As indicated by Exhibit 1, there are no trees on Tax Lot 700. Therefore, this provision does not apply. M. ...Street and Utility Improvement Standards See Section 18.164 below. 2. Relationship to the Natural and Physical Environment... The property is flat with no drainage or other natural features. The cell site will be located in the southeast comer of Tax Lot 700 and therefore will not interfere with future development of the remainder of the parcel. The cell site is located near several large pine trees on the R-25 property to the south. Additional trees will be planted within the setback are to further blend the site into the surrounding area. 4. Buffering, Screening, and Compatibility between Adjoining Uses... The cell site is located near several large pine trees on the R-25 property to the south. As shown on Exhibit 2, additional trees will be planted within the setback area to further buffer and screen the site from the apartment development. The site will be screened from North Dakota Street by a hedge on the west side of the fence. Scholls Ferry/North Dakota Cell Site Conditional Use Application Page 6 5. Privacy and Noise... Heating, ventilating and air conditioning apparatus will comply with DEQ noise regulations. 10. Crime Prevention and Safety... The site will be enclosed by a seven foot chain link fence. 11. Access and Circulation... The site will have no direct access onto a public street. 13. Parking... Parking will be provided on the access drive. 14. Landscaping... The cell site is located near several large pine trees on the R-25 property to the south. As shown on Exhibit 2, additional trees will be planted within the setback area to further buffer and screen the site from the apartment development. The site will be screened from North Dakota Street by a hedge on the west side of the fence. 16. Provision for the Handicapped... This site is not accessible to the public nor is it a habitable structure. Therefore, this provision does not apply. 17. Signs... No signs are proposed for the cell site. 6. The use will comply with the applicable policies of the comprehensive plan. See Section (C) below. 3) Chapter 18.100 LANDSCAPING AND SCREENING 18.100.030 Street Trees The proposed cell site will be located in the comer of Tax Lot 700 at least 110 feet away from any public or private street. Therefore, street trees are not required. 18.100.080 Buffering/Screening Requirements The cell site is located near several large pine trees on the R-25 property to the south. As shown on Exhibit 2, additional trees will be planted within the setback area to further buffer and screen the site from the apartment development. The site will be screened from North Dakota Street by a hedge on the west side of the fence. Scholls Ferry/North Dakota Cell Site Conditional Use Application Page 7 18.100.090 Setbacks for Fences or Walls The cell site will be enclosed by a seven foot chain link security fence. The fence will meet vision clearance requirements. Fences greater than six feet in height are allowable subject to building permit approval. 4) Chapter 18.102 VISUAL CLEARANCE AREAS 18.102.020 Visual Clearance: Required As shown on Exhibit 2, access to the cell site will be from the private road on the north side of Tax Lot 700. No landscaping or obstructions will be placed within the triangular area defined by Section 18.102.030(A). 5) Chapter 18.106 OFF-STREET PARKING AND LOADING REQUIREMENTS The Community Development Code does not specify a parking ratio for this type of use. The equipment shelter is less than 100 square feet and is unstaffed. Parking space is needed once or twice a month when a maintenance technician visits the site. Parking for the maintenance vehicle will be available in the access driveway. Bicycle parking is not required for this use. It is not intended for commercial, industrial or residential use. The site is not accessible to the public and is not staffed on a regular basis. 6) Chapter 18.108 ACCESS, EGRESS, AND CIRCULATION Access to the cell site will be via a 12 foot wide "access and utility easement" along the east property line of Tax Lot 700. This access driveway will connect directly with a fully improved private street. A 30 foot wide driveway is not needed because the use will not be continually staffed and the building on the site is a small utility vault. The driveway will serve primarily as a parking space. Chapter 18.106.050 requires parking stalls to be nine feet wide. 7) Chapter 18.114 SIGNS No signs are proposed for the cell site. 8) Chapter 18.164 STREET AND UTILITY IMPROVEMENT STANDARDS 18.164.030 Streets North Dakota Street on the west and the private street on the north side of Tax Lot 700 are fully improved as required for these street classifications. 18.164.070 Sidewalks North Dakota Street is improved with sidewalks as required for minor collector streets. Scholls Ferry/North Dakota Cell Site Conditional Use Application Page 8 18.164.080 Sanitary Sewers The equipment building has no water or bathroom facilities and is not designed to house employees. The shelter is a utility cabinet, intended only to enclose and protect the radios and electronics and to provide a weather-proof enclosure for technicians while doing maintenance work, typically once or twice a month. Therefore, water and sewer connections are not necessary. 18.164.100 Storm Drainage Paving of the cell site and access driveway would result in 1560 square feet of impervious surface. C. Tigard Comprehensive Plan The following policies of the Tigard Comprehensive Plan are applicable to this application: 1) POLICY 2 CITIZEN INPUT Policy 2.1.1 provides that the City will assure that citizens will be provided an opportunity to participate in all phases of the planning and development process. In accordance with the City's Land Use Notification Process, the applicant held a neighborhood meeting on June 1, 1995. Letters were mailed to affected property owners and CIT members, and a notice was posted on the property. The affidavits of mailing and posting are contained in Exhibit 3. No one attended the neighborhood meeting. 2) POUCY4 WATER QUALITY Policy 4.2.1 requires that all development within the Tigard urban planning are comply with applicable federal, state and regional water quality standards. Since no water service is needed at the cell site, this policy does not apply. 3) POUCY 7 PUBLIC UTILITIES Policies 7.1.2, 7.3.1, and 7.4.4 state the City will require as a condition of development approval that public water, sewer, and storm drainage will be provided and designed to City standards and that utilities shall be placed underground. As stated previously, sewer and water service are not needed for this development. Only electrical and telephone connections are necessary. These lines will be placed underground. 4) POLICY 8 STREET IMPROVEMENTS Policy 8.1.3 states that the City will require the following for all development: - adequate access - adequate street right-of-way - streets, curbs and sidewalks to City standards Access to the cell site will be via a 12 foot wide "access and utility easement" along the east property line of Tax Lot 700. This access driveway will connect directly with a fully improved private street. There is 35 feet of right-of-way from the centerline of North Dakota Street along Tax Lot 700. Scholls Ferry/North Dakota Cell Site Conditional Use Application Page 9 North Dakota Street is improved with sidewalks as required for minor collector streets. 5) POLICY 12 LOCATION CRITERIA 12.4 COMMUNITY UTILITIES AND FACILITIES The hearings officer has previously found that a cellular telephone antenna and accessory structures is a 'minor impact utility" under Policy 12.4 (Case Number CUP 94-0003NAR 94-0002). 1. Minor Impact Utilities and Facilities A. Locational Criteria (1) Access The cell site will access a private street which connects to North Dakota Street, a minor collector. The facility will generate very little traffic and will not affect traffic patterns on surroundings streets. Since no personnel will be stationed at the site, no employees will be commuting to the property on a daily basis. The cell site is operated and monitored by remote control from the Mobile Switching Center in Portland. The shelter is intended only to enclose and protect the radios and electronics and to provide a weather- proof enclosure for technicians while doing maintenance work, typically once or twice a month. After an initial construction period of several weeks, these infrequent maintenance trips will be the only traffic generated by the cell site. (2) Impact of the Proposed Change on Adjacent Lands The cell site will have minimum impact on activities and uses on other properties in the surrounding area. The cellular communications facility is a passive use. There are no activities that will produce airborne emissions, odor, vibration, heat, glare, radioactive materials, or noxious and toxic materials. All equipment and materials needed to operate the site are located in the equipment building. Heating, ventilating and air conditioning apparatus will comply with DEQ noise regulations. The cell site does not require water or sanitary facilities and therefore will generate no waste water. As a result, the proposed cell site will comply with all applicable environmental standards. The monopole and antenna configuration is designed to withstand 80+ mph winds as required by the Uniform Building Code and assumes a worst-case failure point at the ground base of the pole. AT&T Wireless Services has not experienced a failure of this type. Wireless cellular telephone operates on FCC-approved radio frequencies between 850-900 megahertz. The FCC limits the effective radiated power (ERP) for cellular channels to a maximum of 100 watts, which is considered very low power for radio transmissions. This site will operate at less than 25 watts per channel. At these power levels, the emissions from the proposed site will be far below current radio frequency standards adopted by the City of Portland, Multnomah County and Washington County. The standards used by these three agencies are nearly identical and are considered by many to be model ordinances. Further, the cellular installation will not cause any interference to radio and television reception in the area. Table B 'from the Washington County Community Development Code is attached as an example of the standards in common use (Exhibit 4). Radio frequency emissions from antennas are calculated in units of microwatts per square centimeter (uW/cm2). The applicant's engineers have prepared calculations showing the radio frequency power density at various distances from the cell site (Exhibit 4). Scholls Ferry/North Dakota Cell Site Conditional Use Application Page 10 Table B stipulates that the equivalent plane-wave power density for a facility transmitting at 850 MHz cannot exceed 570 microwatts per square centimeter. The power density chart indicates that the maximum power density from the site will be 1.552 uW/cm2. These emissions will be well under the standards in Table B. (3) Site Characteristics Tax Lot 700 can easily accommodate the small improvements proposed by AT&T Wireless Services. As viewed in Exhibit 1, the property is vacant, flat and has no significant natural features to consider in site development. The cell site will be located in a commercial zone, and is geographically situated to meet the engineering objectives for providing improved cellular coverage along the Scholls Ferry Road corridor between Tigard and Beaverton. The cellular communication facility has been sited so as not to interfere with future office development on the remainder of the property. The equipment shelter is actually a partially buried utility vault. The shelter used on this site will likely be a CEC-2000 or similar type structure. A rendering of this structure is contained in Exhibit 5. Street light poles in the vicinity have a dark brown finish. The steel antenna pole can be painted a similar color to blend with the surrounding lighting design. The cell site is located near several large pine trees on the R-25 property to the south. As shown on Exhibit 2, additional trees will be planted within the setback are further buffer and screen the site from the apartment development. The site will be screened from North Dakota Street by a hedge on the west side of the fence. Scholls Ferry/North Dakota Cell Site Conditional Use Application Page 11 LIST OF EXHIBITS 1. Air Photo 2. Site Plan 3. Neighborhood Meeting Documents 4. Washington County RF Emission Standards 5. Equipment Shelter M _ EXHIBIT 1 J?t•.°?: ?,:, 1: ' yl G ? b T r P ? ? s - 1 f t ?u T L 700 , ? a? P vl? { ? P Z"? a ea o 0 0 0 lip 16P 0 s e Z ° a NORTH ?? .._ 200' e JUNE ?_ 1995 aim EXHIBIT 2 ?m o ? CIO m (n ?0 a C m= mm n r m OD O Z <_ Z O 0 Z o n m ? r D Z r- 0 2c) 0D :j In O n Z m ? D Z U)mO Nm -0 D mm= 20 rZ COD mC D-i MmZriv ?z m? Am Oz < 7;7 D \Z Z m !mm (P V p) 55' MONOPOLE >Im r n r D o Z I }' ?{f `( j "II`•/I •l ,' 'II`I,;, 'S. W.' NORTH DAI?O A $t. -' ? I II ? ?,Y to DI•\ o LrdT - S'I ,.U21H DIKOTA 5'. _ i S }i 'I vi Az m O Z? O O D N n nm n O0 L? Il 2: 1 -_ T z a Z N 0 Z A N D O m C m o U ; m? A Z y O m V Z N mn v O 0 m K to N m ? p A o o cCAW CELLULAR COMMUNICATIONS, INC. SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT MENT SCHOLLS/125TH ROBERT KRAMER, PE 1600 SW 4th AVENUE PORTLAND, OR 97 201 = 9 1600 SW 4U AVENUE CELL ITE PHONE (503) 248-7791 ?. PORTLAND, OR 97201 FAX (503) 248-7486 - PHONE (503) 243-3333 ?a !' A • IBC vA C v vim g a it a. a " 8 .r i EXISTING RECIPRi7^AL 1NCRESS- 3 1 !'fit '? - " , E 6C EGRESS AND UTTUTY EASaj&E T PER FEE N0. 90-17853 AND '`+ t r' =r ?d 91-13708. . 1 r ?l b f VII C1 ¢ BENZ d tr r G WaNNY MAP - NOT TO SC LE MARI COI I I? A Tnr ^?I ?CV o:. VALVE U 84SIN - ??CA&.E T.V. I RL4ER I = I ? I I I I I I I I I I I 3 ? I O 0 z } BEARINGS ARE ON A LOCAL BEARING SYSTEM AND BASED ON MINOR PARITITON NO. 1993-058. USING O.D.aT. INFORMATrom FROM THE SURVEY OF SCROLLS fERRY ROAD IT WAS DETERMINED THAT THIS LOCAL SMFJ.4 IS BASED ON A TRUE NORTH SYSTEM. A BEARING OF N 00°00'00"E WOULD BE TRUE NORTH. Scale 1" = 30' 30 -15 0 30 80 90 LAND SURVFMP;? p EX1571NG 15.0' SWITARY SEWER h EASET,IENT PER FEE N0. 90-06136. + CURB ------------ CIlRB - ------ N 89054'18" E 206.17' I POWER POLE ELECTRIC BOX ?41A;VALVF w D •---- -- --------- --- ------J-_F ImAim I VALVES VALVE I ^ I EXLSRNG 10' STORM SEWER I fASEAIE)VT PER PEE NO. 90-61675. O a a I h I PARCEL 1 to 15' R? v s' 15 -F CONCREIE PARCEL 2 7EGS ITERED PRESSIONAL LAURVEYOR 12' 7' SECURITY FENCE I AROUND LEASE AREA 'X10' EOUIPA(Mr (f? _ 5' CA61NEr R E N WATIR SUM Jr DA I I W METER I ^ I I - I I N I I o I I p ACCESS AND UTILITY--1 = EASEMENT I SE784CX 55' MONOPOLE L-1'vVI1VI: E-fjJ i-?ov-OyJ-1345 1-503-289-9936 1111 BROADWAY, VANCOUVER, WA 98660 N 89°52'28" E 205.92' SURVEY FOR: AT&T WIRELESS SERVICES PARCEL 1 MINOR PART 1993-058 SECTION 34 T 1 S R 1 W W44 TIGARD, OR (125TH & SCHOLLS) Sf?RIH H m 2030 BEER B?pU DYTbW(aE Expires 6.30.96 S?io ??fS I PLV2 DESIGN eor sC4LE 1 "=30' sNl£r OR4WN BOT A41E A1AY 1995 1 CHECKED JOB N0. 5521 1 ENGINEERING INC. EXHIBIT 3 Name of applicant- A T ac T 0 ("U 5S BER N ccE's Subject Property: Tax Map and Lot # /-5/ 3 ¢(jC T/ L OD Address or General Location S n of AFFIDAVIT OF POSTING NOTICE Albkm S /Kdai I, te?eV I K-) 7. 1 tAW-Tl tQ do affirm that I am (represent) the parry initiating Interest in a proposed LA,L e4AkU4i CMaN fikLif!f affecting the land located at _ /S/ ;¢$f" TL ZOO . and did on the J (b day of / M-Y 19 QS personalty post notice indicating that the site may be proposed for a CeGLULKA 46Ai kuoZ*J7gPl &4iA "application, and the time, date and place of a neighborhood meeting to discuss the proposal. The sign was posted at N w 60Re1iFie. O Jr-- TL 700 (state location on property) This day of 19-7& J Sig ure Y? Subscribed and sworn to, affirmed, before me this day of 19 p S OFFICIAL SEAL Notary Public for the State of Oregon .:: BETTE B. FRANKLIN NOTARY PUBLIC-OREGON My Commission Expires: .Pr1 tl /96 COMMISTON N0. 017261 My COMMISSION EXPIRES AUG. 4, 1996 WITHIN SEVEN (7) CALENDAR DAYS OF THE SIGN POSTING, RETURN THIS AFFIDAVIT TO: City of Tigard Planning Division 13125 SW Hall Blvd. Tigard, OR 97223 login\jo\postnotcit MEETING NOTICE AT&T WIRELESS SERVICES (FORMERLY CELLULAR ONE) IS PROPOSING TO PLACE A CELLULAR TELEPHONE COMMUNICATION FACILITY ON THIS PROPERTY. THE SITE WILL CONSIST OF A 55 FOOT METAL POLE WITH ANTENNAS AND A SMALL EQUIPMENT SHELTER. THE FACILITY WILL BE LOCATED ON A 12'X 25' PARCEL IN THE SOUTHEAST CORNER OF THIS LOT. PRIOR TO SUBMITTING A CONDITIONAL USE APPLICATION TO THE CITY OF TIGARD, THE APPLICANT WILL HOLD AN OPEN HOUSE TO PROVIDE AN OPPORTUNITY TO DISCUSS THE PROPOSAL. YOU ARE INVITED TO ATTEND THE OPEN HOUSE ON. Thursday, June 1, 1995 Mary Woodward Elementary School 12325 SW Katherine Tigard 7:00 - 9:00 p.m. IF YOU ARE UNABLE TO ATTEND OR HAVE ANY QUESTIONS PRIOR TO THE OPEN HOUSE, PLEASE CALL KEVIN MARTIN, AT&T WIRELESS SERVICES, AT 503-306-7391. STATE OF OREGON CITY OF TIGARD AFFIDAVIT OF MAILING SS 1, /'EyttJ J^ M,4QTiN . being duly sworn, depose and say that on /(Q /t'14 Y- 19_15, 1 caused to have mailed to each of the persons on the attached list a notice of a meeting to discuss a proposed development at 1.5/ 3 4- 9 c 7-L 7 00 . a copy of which notice so mailed is attached hereto and made a part of hereof. I further state that said notices were enclosed in envelopes plainly addressed to said persons and were deposited on the date indicated above in the United States Post Office at /600 S4J ,P:?AaTi+ AVe: , with postage prepaid thereon. Signature Subscribed and sworn to before me this 7 day of 19?. OFFICIAL SEAL BETTE B. FRANKLIN .?,,•, NOTARY PUBLIC-OREGON COMMISSION NO. 017261 MY COMMISSION EXPIRES AUG. 4, 1995 Notary Public My Commission Expires: Y h:\login\jo\affmail.cit Qz? AT&T Cellular Division May 15, 1995 Abdullah Alkadi 11905 SW 125th Court Tigard OR 97223 AT&T Wireless Services 1600 SW 41h Avenue Portland, OR 97201 AT&T Wireless Services (formerly Cellular One) is proposing to site a cellular telephone communication facility in a vacant lot next to Oil Can Henry's near the intersection of North Dakota Street and Scholls Ferry Road. The site will consist of a 55 foot metal pole with antennas and a small equipment shelter. The facility will be located on a 12 foot x 25 foot parcel surrounded by a chain link fence. The proposed development is depicted on the enclosed site plan and computer-generated image. Prior to submitting our land. use application to the City of Tigard, I will be holding an "open house' to provide you an opportunity to discuss and comment on the proposal and answer any questions you may have. You are invited to attend the open house on: Thursday, June 1, 1995 Mary Woodward Elementary School 12325 SW Katherine Tigard 7:00 - 9:00 p.m. If you are unable to attend or have any questions prior to the informational meeting, please feel free to call me at 503-306-7391. Sincerely, Kevin J. Martin Land Use Coordinator AT&T Wireless Services 125schls,rft DOSRND RECF*OGIL INGRESS. EGRESS AND LIMITY EASEVD? PER FM Na 90-178M AND $ DZ7YM, 15.0' SIMTARY SEM 92-2J708 = EASLVEM PER FEE Na 90-06IJ6. CURB VXYMTY NAP - NOT TO SCALE I ?_ m I b ESECl76C BOX - --- - I E4 VALVE i s T.V. R6ER Cn I I 1 1 ? IAia =' N ^ j (PRIVATE STREET) T' I 601 1 I Y !NI EXg7DMoJT10P'ERfF STORMRSE0.BER90? EASEAID E -62675 O $ w; 'r .r AT&T WIRELESS SERVICES 15 MAY 1995 ALK -- - sn -? VALVE I b? sump r OR I 1 OIL CAN , HENRY'S 3 ; (VACANT LOT) ; i PARCEL 1 PARCEL 2 REGISTERED ,?? $ 2 I $ = PROFESSIONAL ACCESS ANDUmm-a LAND SURVEYOR C{? r EASEATENT ?-« 12' 7' I EARDI EA 6 XO' EMV"rENr Moum 1 I r4W&7 R E fEORUARY;1000 BEARINGS ARE ON A LOCAL BEARING SYSTEM AND 25' 1D BRUCE D. TOWLE 2WO BASED ON MINOR PAR7MON NO. 1993-058. USING O.D.O.T. INFORIM77ON FROM 71IE SURVEY OF SCHOLLS fEMRY ROAD R WAS DETERMINED THAT THIS LOCAL SYSTEM /S BASED ON A TRUE NORTH SMEY A SITE 5• Expires 6-30-96 BEARING OF N 00°00'00"£ WOULD BE TRUE NORTH . 55' MONOPOLE T e'l SE H4CK _ N 89.5228" E 205.92' Scale 1" = 30' so -15 0 s0' 60 00 LAND SURVEYORS SURVEY FOR AT&T WIRELESS SERVICES ?+ WT SCALE ' 1-360-695-1385 PARCEL 1 MINOR PART. 1993-058 1 ENGINEERS r-503-289-9936 .SECTION 34 T 1 S R 1 W WM DRAWN aOT LwE MAY 1995 1111 BROADWAY, VANCOUVER, WA 98660 ENGINEERING INC. TIGARD, OR (125TH & SCHOLLS) 0EM aeNa 5521 1 CIT - WEST LAND USE SUBCOMMITTEE 0" Name Address Phone Abdullah Alkadi 11905 SW 125th Ct., Tigard, OR 97223 524-1068 Bev Froude 12200 SW Bull Mountain Rd., Tigard, OR 97224 639-2529 Bill Gross 11035 SW 135th, Tigard, OR 97223 524-6325 Christy Herr 11386 SW Ironwood Loop, Tigard, OR 97223 590-1970; 624-8009 Ed Howden 11829 SW Morning Hill, Tigard, OR 97223 524-6040 Kathie Kallio 12940 SW Glacier Lily, Tigard, OR 97223 524-5200 Linda Masters 15120 SW 141st, Tigard, OR 97224 620-7662 Bonne and Jim Roach 14447 SW Tewkesbury, Tigard, OR 97224 590-0461 Scott Russell 31291 Raymond Creek Rd., Scappoose, OR 97056 543-2434 Barbara Sattler 11245 SW Morgen Ct., Tigard, OR 97223 684-9303 Kathy Smith 11645 SW Cloud Ct., Tigard, OR 97224 639-0894 June Sulffridge 15949 SW 146th Ave., Tigard, OR 97224 590-0523 Larry Westerman 13665 SW Fern St., Tigard, OR 97223 524-4550 Cal Woolery 12356 SW 132nd Ct., Tigard, OR 97223 590-4297 Clark G. Zeller 13290 SW Shore Dr., Tigard,.OR 97223 524-0994 In addition to property owners within 250 feet, notice of meetings on Land Use proposals in the West CIT area shall be sent to all the names on this list. Revised 4/8/94 #I" h:\1ogtn\Jo\c1t.est.1us BEAS-IEY, ROBERT S JR & ANN F BERSHENGLE ENTERPRISES 11312 SW SUMMERLAKE DR 610 GLATT CIRCLE 'TIGARD, OR 97223 WOODBURN, OR 97071 L L C BRAVO, JOSE AND TODD, ANN TONETTE 11334 SW SUMMER LAKE DRIVE TIGARD, OR 97223 R2001565 1S133AD-12300 --R2001563 1S133AD-12100 COLLIGAN, MICHAEL S & KRISTIN COMPTON, MICHAEL T AND JANICE 11347 SW SUMMERLAKE DRIVE 11307 SW SUMMERLAKE OR TIGARD, OR 97223 TIGARD, OR 97223 82001562 1S133AD-12000 -R2001564 1S133AD-12200 ISHIBASHI, YASUJI & TSUZUKO JOREGENSEN, MICHAEL H & TILEES 11285 SW SUMMERLAKE DR 11329 SW SUMMER LAKE DR TIGARD, OR 97223 TIGARD, OR 97223 -R2001566 1S133AD-12400 ' R2032712 1S134BC-00500 MADARANG, GEORGE E AND LUSIA V MCDONALD'S CORPORATION 11356 SW SUMMER LAKE DR PO BOX 66207 AMF O'HARE TIGARD, OR 97223 036/0002 CHICAGO, IL 60666 "'R262156 1S133AD-02400 R983537 1S134BC-00300 PACIFIC CREST PARTNERS SCHOLLS PORTLAND FIXTURE LTD PTNRSHP 911 OAK STREET 13635 NW CORNELL #200 HOOD RIVER, OR 97031 PORTLAND, OR 97229 R2032711 1S134BC-00900 THOMPSON, DENNIS C AND DAVIDSON, WILLIAM G 12475 SW MAIN ST TIGARD, OR 97223 R2032713 1S134BC-00600 OMPSON, DENNIS C AND DA N, WILLIAM G 12475 S N ST TIGARD, OR 9 3 "R2003360 1S134BC-00403 EQR-WEYER VISTAS INC BY EQUITY TAX DEPT-MEADOWCREEK PROP TAX DEPT (27118) PO BOX #A-3879 CHICAGO, IL 60690 -R262165 1S133AD-02500 KINDER CARE LEARNING CTR978 BY STRATEGIS 987 1777 NE LP 410 STE 1250 SAN ANTONIO, TX 78217 R2001569 1S133AD-12700 MORRISON, DONALD A AND SUZAN M 12621 SW SPRINGWOOD DR TIGARD, OR 97223 -R1333042 1S134BC-00401 SISTERS OF PROVIDENCE IN OR BY ST VINCENT HOSPITAL ATTN: GREG VAN PELT 9205 SW BARNES RD PORTLAND, OR 97225 R2032710 1S1346C-00800 %MPSON/DAVIDSON LEASE PR Y VENTURE, THE 12475 IN ST TIGARD, OR 3 N EXHIBIT 4 WASHINGTON COUNTY RF EMISSION STANDARDS Table B RF Emission Standardsa Frequency Range Mean Squared Electric (E2) Field Strength (V2/m2)b Mean Squared Magnetic (H2) Field Strength (A2/m2)c Equivalent Plane-Wave Power Density (uw/cm2)d 100KHz-3MHz 3MHz-30MHz 30MHz-30OMHz 300MHz-1500MHz 1500MHz-300GHz 80,000 4,000(180/f2)e 800 4,000(f/1500) 4,000 0.5 0.025(180/f2) 0.005 0.025(f/1500) 0.025 20,000 180,000/f2 200 f/1.5 1000 a All standards refer to root mean square (rms) measurements gathered by an approved method. b V2/m2 = Volts squared per meter squared. c A2/m2 = Amperes squared per meter squared. d uw/cm2 = Microwatts per centimeter squared. e f - Frequency in megahertz (MHz). CELLULAR TELEPHONE FREQUENCY STANDARD: 850 Mhz/1.5 = 570 microwatts/square centimeter eight Radiation Center: Measurement Height: Scholls and 125th Radio Frequency Power Density for Sector Cell 50 feet ERP/Channel (watts): 4 feet Antenna: 7 15 22-May-95 20 PD 10085 2 Distance Angle Antenna Distance Channels Channels Evening Hours From Below Vertical From Power Power Power Density Tower Horizon Pattern Antenna Density Density (8PM - 6AM) (feet) (degrees) (dB) (feet) (uW/cm^2) (uW/cm^2) (uW/cm^2) 0 90.0 -19.5 46.0 0.179 0.358 0.067 10 77.7 -16.4 47.1 0.349 0.697 0.131 20 66.5 -15.0 50.2 0.424 0.847 0.159 30 56.9 -16.0 54.9 0.281 0.562 0.105 40 49.0 -22.0 61.0 0.057 0.114 0.021 50 42.6 -23.0 67.9 0.037 0.073 0.014 60 37.5 -18.0 75.6 0.093 0.187 0.035 70 33.3 -13.0 83.8 0.241 0.482 0.090 80 29.9 -9.8 92.3 0.415 0.829 0.155 90 27.1 -8.0 101.1 0.523 1.046 0.196 100 24.7 -6.2 110.1 0.668 1.335 0.250 110 22.7 -5.2 119.2 0.716 1.432 0.269 120 21.0 -4.2 128.5 0.776 1.552 0.291 130 19.5 -4.0 137.9 0.706 1.412 0.265 140 18.2 -3.5 147.4 0.693 1.387 0.260 150 17.0 -3.0 156.9 0.686 1.373 0.257 160 16.0 -2.7 166.5 0.653 1.307 0.245 170 15.1 -2.3 176.1 0.640 1.280 0.240 180 14.3 -2.0 185.8 0.616 1.233 0.231 190 13.6 -1.8 195.5 0.583 1.166 0.219 200 13.0 -1.6 205.2 0.554 1.108 0.208 210 12.4 -1.6 215.0 0.505 1.009 0.189 220 11.8 -1.3 224.8 0.495 0.990 0.186 230 11.3 -1.3 234.6 0.454 0.909 0.170 240 10.9 -1.1 244.4 0.438 0.877 0.164 250 10.4 -1.1 254.2 0.405 0.810 0.152 260 10.0 -1.1 264.0 0.375 0.751 0.141 270 9.7 -1.0 273.9 0.357 0.714 0.134 280 9.3 -1.0 283.8 0.333 0.665 0.125 290 9.0 -1.0 293.6 0.311 0.621 0.116 300 8.7 -0.9 303.5 0.297 0.595 0.112 320 8.2 -0.8 323.3 0.268 0.537 0.101 340 7.7 -0.7 343.1 0.244 0.488 0.091 360 7.3 -0.6 362.9 0.223 0.446 0.084 380 6.9 -0.5 382.8 0.205 0.410 0.077 400 6.6 -0.5 402.6 0.185 0.371 0.070 450 5.8 -0.4 452.3 0.152 0.304 0.057 500 5.3 -0.3 502.1 0.125 0.250 0.047 600 4.4 -0.2 601.8 0.089 0.178 0.033 700 3.8 -0.1 701.5 0.067 0.134 0.025 800 3.3 -0.1 801.3 0.051 0.103 0 019 900 2.9 -0.1 901.2 0.041 0.081 0.015 1000 2.6 -0.1 1001.1 0.033 0.066 0.012 1500 1.8 0.0 1500.7 0.015 0.030 0.006 2000 1.3 0.0 2000.5 0.008 0.017 0.003 2500 1.1 0.0 2500.4 0.005 0.011 0.002 3000 0.9 0.0 3000.4 0.004 0.007 0.001 4000 0.7 0.0 4000.3 0.002 0.004 0.001 5000 0.5 0.0 5000.2 0.001 0.003 0.001 6000 0.4 0.0 6000.2 0.001 0.002 0.000 8000 0.3 0.0 8000.1 0.001 0.001 0.000 10000 0.3 0.0 10000.1 0.000 0.001 0.000 Assumptions: "A-Band" Cellular Transmitter Frequencies are 869.04 to 879.99 MHz and 890.01 to 891.48 MHz. All exposures will be in the far-field region since the longest wavelength is 14 inches. This implies that the antennas will be over 100 wavelengths from any point of exposure. Exposures include 50% reflected energy from the ground. Calculations are worst case based on point of exposure being at maximum of the horizontal radiation from the directional antennas. Cellular One Engineering Department FXHIBI I 5 w t y r ?` r?l 4?? F i AF, ??? 'EF??F j1 •S 4. rvi t? E` ?..c.4r?F -. l?l 1` eC • V °'?.:.. ? _ f?' 4. ^?' .4a ;l g F{, 'may. )Y_. !'q „'; o ,..JY. ,•2 *,* t ' 4+SI .a? t' i.'f f l _ ?K S s?,qT::.q. D. ro.} i cx ? x?L Y y :4 v? z AT&T ART Wireless Services Understanding Cellular Telecommunications 0 AUT 0 v Kevin J. Martin Land Use Coordinator Cellular Division i AT&T Wireless Services 1600 SW 4th Avenu Portland, OR 97201' 503 306-7391 CELLULAR 503 329-4781 FAX 503 306-7486 Compiled by: AT&T Wireless Services, Cellular Division 1600 SW Fourth Avenue Portland, OR 97201 For further information please contact: Kevin Martin, Land Use Coordinator, (503) 306-7391 Bette Franklin, Property Specialist, (503) 306-6996 April 1995 TABLE OF CONTENTS GENERAL INFORMATION - "Introduction to Cellular Technology" -"Cellular Transmissions - Are they Safe" , -"What the Experts Say about Cellular Safety" - "Cellular Telephone Towers - Engineered for Safety" -"'Cellular Radio - Cellular Telephone: Mobile Communications Through Electromagnetic Energy" HEALTH AND SAFETY - "Health and Safety - A Cellular Telecommunications Perspective" - "Human Exposure to RF Emissions from Cellular Radio Base Station Antennas" - "Information on Human Exposure to Radiofrequency Fields from Cellular Radio Transmitters" SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING INFORMATION - "Understanding Electromagnetic Energy" -"What is Microwave Radio?" - "Radio-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields Associated with Cellular- Radio Cell-Site Antennas" BIOEFFECTS OF RADIOFREQUENCY EXPOSURE ' - "Bioeffects of Radiofrequency Radiation on Cell Growth and Differentiation" -"A Chromosomal Study of Workers with Long-term Exposure to Radio-Frequency Radiation" ' - "Birth Defect Rates around Three Television Towers, Queen Anne Hill, Seattle, Washington" 1 GENERAL INFORMATION INTRODUCTION TO CELLULAR TECHNOLOGY ' The official FCC name for cellular telephone service is "Domestic Public Cellular Radio Telecommunications Service." Referred to simply as "cellular," it was created by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), and assigned operating frequencies in the ' 800 to 900 megahertz (Mhz) range. The FCC continues to regulate this service, which uses its portion of the radio frequency spectrum along with sophisticated switching technology to provide mobile (vehicle) or portable (hand held) telephone service to ' virtually any number of subscribers in a given area. The quality compares favorably with that of conventional wireline telephones, and the same dialing capabilities and features are available. A cellular system has four basic components: The cell site is the basic building block of the cellular system, and contains equipment that communicates with the cellular phones operating within the system. ' A cell site includes transmitting and receiving antennas, cellular base station radios, and equipment to interconnect with the wireline telephone system. When a cellular phone user initiates a call, the system assigns it a channel in the nearest cell. As it travels throughout the system, it "hands off' to a channel in an adjacent cell. The number of channels per cell depends upon the volume of cell ' usage - for example a busy urban cell might have 50 channels, while a remote rural one may be assigned only five. ' From the cell, the signal travels to the mobile switching center (MSC) via telephone lines or a microwave interconnect system. The MSC houses the computer controls for the cellular system It also assigns the customer an available ' channel at a nearby cell site. If the customer travels outside the boundaries of that cell, the MSC arranges for hand-off to an adjoining cell site. The telephone interconnect equipment in the MSC is used to connect the signal to the land line telephone company, and the call is processed as it would be if it originated from a home or office. Cellular's radio frequencies are higher than those used for AM or FM radio and television broadcasting. As a result, cellular transmissions are noticeably weakened and deflected by obstacles in their path. For this reason, cellular transmitting and receiving antennas are usually located on towers or atop buildings where they have clear line-of-sight signal paths to cellular phone users. 1 The basic concept behind the design and layout of a cellular radio telephone system network is the ability to use the same radio frequencies simultaneously in different cells. Typical television or radio broadcasting utilizes one transmitter location to cover an entire metropolitan area, and relies on extremely tall towers transmitting at high power levels. By contrast, cellular systems divide the broadcast area into small cells (hence the name "cellular") and use multiple transmitter/receiver locations (cell sites), each serving a limited geographic area. The benefits of the cellular approach are significantly lower power levels and lower tower heights. The geographical area served by an FCC licensed cellular system is defined as one or more urban counties comprising a Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) or a group of contiguous rural counties termed a Rural Service Area (RSA). The FCC has designated two blocks of radio frequency spectrum, providing 416 channels for each of two licenses granted in each MSA or RSA market. In the early stages of cellular development, a few large cell sites occupied hilltops and required tall towers for maximum area coverage. As the cellular subscriber traffic demand increased, these cells have been replaced by clusters of smaller cells using shorter antenna towers and lower power. System capacity has been added by reallocating and reusing the available channels among these new cells. This cell division will continue as the demand for cellular service continues its present rapid growth. HOW THE CELLULAR SYSTEM WORKS Cellular represents o revolutionary advancement in communications technology that provides mobile telephone service of for greater capacity. Cellular technology operates by dividing a city into smaller geographic areas called cells. each served by its own low-power radio ironsmitter. Cell sites ore connected to the Mobile Telephone Switching Office (MTSO). which is linked to the regular landline network through the local telephone company central office. As the caller drives across the service area. the call is automatically passed from one transmitter to another. without noticeable interruption. Every cellular customer is assigned o unique seven-digit telephone number and may place as well as receive tolls directly without operator assistance. w_ .s x-1i- + 2 Cellular technology utilizes a grid system to locate the ideal cell site within each grid. The exact shape of individual grids is determined by local topography. Terrain features such as hills, tall buildings and trees will distort the grid shape because they cause variations in the normal line-of-sight radio signal path. A cell site is located within the grid to maximize the ability of the system to use the same radio frequencies simultaneously without interfering with other nearby cells. In order to maximize the use of each frequency, the transmitter must be located at a fairly ' precise point within the grid. The smaller the grid, the more precise this point becomes. Because the precise grid point may be located in the middle of a lake, highway, or other inaccessible location, the job of finding a suitable cell site is often difficult. If a site ' cannot be located within a reasonable distance of the theoretical grid point or "search area," the cell must be split into sub-cells. Once the theoretical grid point is established, site acquisition personnel begin evaluating properties within the search area to find the optimum location. This property must be large enough to contain a tower or pole for mounting the antennas, plus space for an equipment shelter. The search for cell site property follows a set order of location preferences, to insure compatibility with surrounding land uses and zoning codes. These location preferences are fisted below by priority: Existing broadcast/communication towers. 2. Existing water towers or tanks I Existing high-rise office, commercial and industrial buildings, where antennas can be mounted on the rooftop and electronic equipment housed inside. 4. Undeveloped land zoned for industrial, commercial or public utility use, which can be leased or purchased. 5. Property with the least residential population density and/or property that will provide natural screening to the public at large. Each prospective site is evaluated for technical feasibility by analyzing the results of testing from a radio transmitter and antenna placed temporarily at the site. The site's physical characteristics are also evaluated and approved by surveyors, soils experts, and title examiners, as well as field investigation by architects and civil engineers who will prepare final site and building plans. SEARCH AND RESCUE ARE GUIDED BY CELLULAR PHONES n U AMBULANCE AND FIRE TRUCKS KEEP IN TOUCH HIGH WINDS MAY TAKE DOWN TELEPONE n r/ POLES a u ?11 O ? p 00 04 D6 FLOODS MAYJ DISRUPT TELEPHONE Op P SERVICE ICE STORMS CAN BREAK TELEPHONE CONNECTIONS A cellular phone system completes a communications program necessary to provide total reliable emergency services to the community. Time is of the essence in bringing new cell sites on the air. First a signed lease must be obtained prior to filing for required zoning and building permits. In some local jurisdictions, acquisition of these permits may take six months or more. After land use and building permits are obtained, construction usually begins immediately and lasts up to two months, depending upon weather conditions and availability of special materials. If not already at the site, electric power and telephone fines must be extended by local utility and telephone companies via easements or rights-of-way, which also must be secured. During the few weeks following construction, the radio and interconnect equipment is installed and tested. The site is then placed on the air and technical adjustments may be made frequently by technicians within the next four weeks. When a site is finally in regular operation, there is a minimal environmental impact: 1. Cellular radio transmissions are made at very low power levels. There is no evidence of any harmful effects on the health or safety of persons standing or living nearby. 2. Cell sites do not interfere with television, radio, pacemakers or other electronic ' devices. 3. Since there are no permanent employees at cell sites, they do not have to be ' connected to water or sewer systems 4. Cell sites create no adverse effect on road congestion, since the only traffic ' visiting the site is for routine maintenance or emergency repair, which usually occurs less than three times per month. 5. Cellular towers pose no threat to air navigation, as each is registered and approved by the Federal Aviation Administration. Few towers are of sufficient height to require painting or lighting. There is no hazard to migratory birds which traditionally fly at considerably higher elevations. 6. Cell sites emit no offensive noises or odors. Air-conditioning equipment meets all applicable noise standards. 7. Towers and poles meet all ANSIMAXIA-22213 and Uniform Building Code standards to withstand the highest wind speeds, with additional safety margins for the local area. The perimeter of the site is fenced to prevent unauthorized access or climbing. 8. Cell sites are constructed and landscaped to be as inconspicuous as possible. HISTORY OF CELLULAR • 1947 Bell Labs began work on basic cellular technology • 1982 FCC began accepting applications for licenses • 1983 First licenses awarded e 1984 First cellular systems activated • 1993 15 millionth cellular customer activated in U.S. 5 TYPES OF STRUCTURES REQUIRED A cell site is selected upon direction of the system engineer. Placement of each cell site is critical to all others, which form a grid pattern necessary for call continuity. A cell site may be designed around a variety of structures, such as the following: 1. Existing commercial or residential structures that meet the height requirement of the system design engineer. These may include office buildings, apartment buildings, water towers, elevators and existing communication towers. They can be utilized in two ways: a) Attaching antennas to the rooftop of the structure and placing a prefabricated equipment shelter next to it. The coax cables connecting the equipment shelter to the antennas run along the exterior of the building, and are designed to match it. b) Placing the radio equipment in a space in the building (an office or apartment) and running the coax on the inside of the building to the antennas on the rooftops. 2. Monopoles,_ A monopole is a free-standing single pole, made of metal or wood, which comes in any height up to 180 feet. Monopoles are designed for limited structural load factors, and do not need guy wires.. They are used in areas where ground space is limited, particularly in urban areas, and where space is not needed for large or multiple antennas. 3. Lattice Towers - Lattice towers come in two forms, guyed and self-supporting. Although less aesthetically pleasing than monopoles, lattice structures are preferred for areas that are subject to heavy wind loads or need multiple microwave dishes and other large antennas. For cellular use, the maximum height for a self-supporting lattice tower is about 250 feet. Guyed towers can be constructed to heights exceeding 1000 feet. However, they rarely exceed 300 feet when used exclusively for cellular base stations. Guyed towers are typically used in rural areas that require greater height for coverage of large land areas. `Antenna separation' is almost always necessary for a cell site to operate properly. Cell sites typically use two receiving antennas per sector. The receiving antennas must be separated horizontally by approximately six to eight feet. This is called `diversity reception." This diversity allows the radios to receive two signals simultaneously from a telephone and process them electronically to obtain the best possible signal. Antennas are typically vertical `Whips" or panels. Whip antennas are usually 4 -10 feet long and two inches in diameter, while panel antennas differ in shape and size, but are typically 12 inches wide and 3 - 8 feet long. Diversity reception is the reason that a cellular tower has at least three vertical antennas (1 transmit, 2 receive), or three panel antennas on each side of the triangular platform on top of a monopole or lattice tower. 6 ***4 ? ll Y ' k rtYr4.. ? ??.A St.7:fr . i 9 C 3 r .Jr y??E ? ?" f- y9!?'^? ? ?1"S••N %? ? 14 ?F 41 Y ?,V,?j r+?T ? "l ri YI 4 { kI s r ,{ ? ?r• ? r sy BUILDING MOUNT 7 rvivrvvrvLt wwwvrvL.t THE FUTURE OF CELLULAR COMMUNICATIONS It is expected that by the year 2000, one out of every five Americans will be a cellular telephone user. A seamless nationwide network will allow calls to be placed to or from a person anywhere. Cellular devices will continue to shrink in size and have many features such as message waiting, caller I.D., voice dialing (oral commands to the telephone), etc. Customers can expect to carry and operate their telephones in the home, car and office. Cellular fax and data transfer are already a reality and are anticipated to become standard features within the next few years. One of the first major improvements in cellular since its introduction has been the shift to digital technology. A digital system is much like a computer - voice patterns are coded into a series of numbers and transmitted, then decoded and turned back into voice at the receiving end. Digital technology increases the call capacity of cell sites by three-fold. The new technology also offers clearer reception and greater security, and allows cellular data transmission, including faxing. In the future, it is expected that cellular communications will play an even greater role in emergency management. For example, emergency vehicle employees will be able to receive important health records through cellular fax machines. If a fire breaks out, copies of building plans can be transmitted via cellular fax machines from the appropriate city office to the site of the fire. Such technology should be commonplace in the next few years. With the increase in cellular users comes an increase in the number of cell sites. Cellular telephone technology works on the principle of radio frequency reuse. The same frequency can be used by multiple cell sites so long as their service areas do not overlap. Expanded coverage areas and wider use will result in a greater number of smaller cell sites, each covering a more restricted area. Ultimately, cell sites will be located on utility poles, with small radios enclosed in cabinets the size of an electrical transformer and with antennas less than one square foot in area. As the cellular system continues to expand its coverage area and the number of customers continues to increase, we can expect cellular to play an increasingly significant role in communications. Wireless technology is indeed the way of the future! Cellular Transmissions -Are They Safe? Cellular transmissions comply with exposure standards established to protect the public health Cellular telephone conversations are carried by radio waves transmitted to and from fixed base station facilaies, called cell sites, to and from mobile telephones. Many years of research on the effects of radio frequency exposure have yielded the data needed to establish safety standards for the radio spectrum. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has adopted the protection guidelines of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI C-95.1) to evaluate the safety of cellular transmissions. Studies have determined that cellular telephones and facilities operate at levels significantly below the limits specified in the standards. The FCC has concluded that there is little likelihood that cellular transmissions could result in harmful exposures. Portable hand-held phones The maximum operating power of most portables is six-tenths of a watt, but because the operating power is adjusted by proximity to the base station, surveys indicate that portables operate at one-fourth of a watt or less most of the time. A recently completed study at the University of Utah confirms that the exposure of portable users is minimal and well-within the limitations established by the protection guidelines. Key Facts ? Cellular systems are designed to operate at low power, minimizing exposure to radio frequency fields. ? Studies confirm that cellular base station facilities and phones comply with exposure standards adopted by the FCC to ensure safety. Cellular system design minimizes radio fre- quency exposure To serve more people with a limited number of channels, radio engineers designed a mobile communication system that divides the service area into a large number of small geo- graphic areas called 'cells". Each cell is served by a base station facility ('cell site ') with receiving and transmitting antennas. The cell site antennas operate at very low power so that antennas within other cells can independently reuse the same radio channels within their service areas. As cellular systems grow by subdividing cells and building new cell site facilities, the size of the area served by the cell site antennas decreases as does the operating power of both the cell site antennas and the cellular phones operating within the smaller cells. Cell sites Cell site antennas generally operate at 100 watts or less. The cell site antennas are most often located on towers or roof tops that are not accessible to the general public. Studies show that the radio frequency fields in locations accessible to the public are minimal, usually hundreds to thousands of times below the exposure limits established by the protection standards. Car phones Because of the low operating power of a car-mounted antenna (3.5 watts) and the location of the antenna on the outside of the car, experimental data show that exposure of passengers and bystanders is easily kept within the protection guidelines. ? Electromagnetic fields at cellular phone frequencies and power levels are non-ionizing and have been proven incapable of causing DNA, gene, or chromosome mutations that could lead to cancer. References: Human Exposure to RadtOfM*Xncy Fields From Portable and Mobile Teeepbones and Otber Communication Devices and Human Exposure to RFEmmions From Cellular Radio Base Station Antennas are position statements available from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 1828 L Street, NW Suite 1202, Washington, D.C. 20036-5104. Information on cellular radio transmissions and facilities can be obtained from the Federal Communications Commission, Washington, D.C. 1 003 What the Experts Say about Cellular Safety 'Electromagnetic fields at the cellular phone operating frequency band and power level have been proven incapable of causing DNA, gene, or chromosome mutations that could lead to cancer." Dr. F. Kristian Storm, M.D. Associate Director University Wisconsin Comprehensive Cancer Center, February 2, 1993 Commenting on his study that found the peak absorbtion to be 4 to 5 times loner than acceptable ANSI levels, Dr. Om Gandhi of the University of Utah said, 'Even for maximum radiated powers the radio fre- quency absorbtion levels are smaller than the ANSVIEEE C.95.1-1992 Safety Guidelines." Dr. Om Gandhi Undversity of Utah 'The measurements show that the exposure of the user (of Cellular phones) is negligible, i.e., the head is exposed to levels far below current and foreseeable U.S. exposure guidelines." Electromagnetic Energy Policy Alliance, 1991 'There's nothing in the (scientific) literature to indicate that exposure to the emissions of cellular telephones are any kind of health hazard." Dr. FleanorAdair John B. Pierre Foundation Laboratories Yale University Palm Beach Post 'Nothing in the peer-reviewed literature would suggest a harmful effect from exposure to radiation at the low levels associated with exposure to cellular radio wave transmission." Dr. Donald Justesen University of Kansas School of Medicine Health and Safetty a Cellular Telecommunications Perspective, Jan. 19, 1993 'No verified reports exist of injury to human beings or Of adverse effects on the health of human beings who have been exposed to electromagnetic fields within the limits specified by ANSI standards." 1991 IEEEIANSI Standard for Safety Levels u*b Respect to Human Exposure to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields 'Emissions from cellular transmission facilities are safe and do not pose a threat to the health of the general population." Dr. Aribur W. Guy Center of Bioengineering, Uniumsity of Washington Health and Safety. a Cellula r Telecommunications Perspective, Jan. 19, 1993 °rhere have been no significant increases in brain cancer rates over the past 20 years in the U.S. population" Dr. Ricbard Adamson National Cancer Institute Testimony at House panel brief ng, reported Feb. 2, 1993 'The frequencies and power densities associated with cellular communications have not been shown to be harmful and have not been linked to adverse health effects in humans or animals.' Dr. Jerrold T. Busbberg Davis Medical Center University of California at Davis Healtb and Safety. a Cellular Telecommunications Perspective, Jan. 19, 1993 Cellular Telephone Towers - Engineered For Safety The Importance of Cellular Towers Cellular towers are essential for providing the reliable cellular system that millions of Americans depend on for mobile telephony, mobile comput- ing and data transmission. The towers are a critical part of the system. Cellular telephones send radio signals to strategically located towers which in turn pass the signal through a switching office and then to their final destination. What does a cellular tower look like? There are different types of towers that cellular engineers use in various situations depending on land structure, aesthetic requirements, anticipated weather requirements, soil conditions, and several other factors. The Guyed Tower is used in areas with wide-open land. The tower is supported by guywires that are anchored into the ground. This is the least common cellular tower. More common are the Self-support Tower and the Monopole. The Self-support Tower is the most common tower and is considered to be highly functional because of its ability to handle a large amount of antennas and dishes. From a top view this tower appears triangular because of it's three- legged support system. The Monopole is a structure that resembles a common light pole. It is used when the leased or purchased land is small in size or when aesthetic value is an issue. Safety Is the highest priority A great deal of consideration for safety is involved with the construction of each cellular tower. In addition to an experienced group of McCaw/ Cellular One engineers, outside firms featuring years of structural construction experience are often utilized. The foundation of both the self-support tower and the monopole tower can reach as deep as 60-feet in the ground. Guyed towers are supported by cabling secured to concrete blocks buried several feet underground. Florida towers withstand 140 mph "eye" of Hurricane Andrew This past year, the cellular towers of McCaVs South Florida system were put to the maximum test. Hurricane Andrew, one of the most devastat- ing storms to hit the United States, unleashed 140 mile-per-hour winds resulting in billions of dollars of property damage in the area. Despite the fierce winds, not one McCaw-engineered tower col- lapsed. Throughout the entire United States where McCaw has cellular interests, cellular towers are required to meet or exceed current Electronics Institute of America Standards. "It was truly a testimony to the safety of these structures," said Joseph Setticase, Regional Man- ager of Real Estate & Site Development, Cellular One South Florida. "We hope to never have to endure a situation like this again, but it's nice to know that we are prepared." Key facts ? Cellular towers are critical to providing wireless voice and data service to millions of Americans. ? Depending on land availability, aesthetic considerations, weather and soil conditions, and other factors a Guyed Tower, Self- support Tower, or Monopole Tower may be constructed. ? Cellular Tower safety is of the highest priority, with expert structural engineering and safety measures including 60-foot foundations, in some situations being used. ? Cellular Towers withheld the 140 mile-per- hour winds of South Florida's Hurricane Andrew. CM I 11h16_ Fact Sheet No. 4 CELLULAR RADIO - CELLULAR TELEPHONE Mobile Communications Through Electromagnetic Energy n 1974, action by the Federal Communications Commission increased the radio spectrum available for land mobile communica- tions and allocated certain frequencies to be used for a new nationwide compatible mobile radio system. The FCC's action resulted from the recognition of a large, pent-up demand in many major cities for more mobile telecommunications service. The benefits to the general public of a mobile radio service inter-connected to the existing wire-line telephone network, in terms of increased produc- tivity and energy conservation, are obvious. The system that evolved is called cellular radio or cellular tele- phone. The cellular system provides a dramatic increase in available service over previous technology. This is accomplished by dividing a large service area into small geometric "cells," each with its own "cell site" antennas. Since each cell site provides service only within its cell boundaries or within immediately adjacent cells, cells more distant can independently and simultaneously reuse the same radio channels. By design, then, each cell site provides service only over a very small area and, therefore, both the mobile units and the cell site transmit- ters operate at low power levels. Moreover, as the system expands, the cells are subdivided requiring even lower power levels. ']'he cellular system is remarkahly simple to use. A mobile operator is not required as in earlier systems. The customer merely dials the number desired and the rest is accomplished automatically. As a vehicle moves from cefl to cell, channels are switched automatically, ensuring that the call is not dropped. The signal from the mobile unit is controlled continually to ensure that the mobile unit communi- cates only with that particular cell site which provides optimum signal conditions. Antennas (Cell Sites) The cellular radio system operates in the 800-900 megahertz (MHz) ultra- high-frequency (UHF) band, at frequen- cies formerly used for UHF television broadcast. A cell site usually contains several antennas. Cell site antennas are frequently installed atop 100-150 foot free stand- ing masts. The propagation pattern of the antenna is such that most of the energy is directed toward the horizon and not downward. Thus, the levels of radio frequency energy near the base of a mast or tower are minimal. In order to characterize the electromagnetic environment for these antennas, detailed measurements have been made near antenna systems at points considered important by the public; i.e., points near the base of the mast. In each use, the operating power level was augmented to simulate full capacity maximum power condi- tions. The results of these studies show that the corresponding exposure levels in locations normally accessible to the public are well below the latest safety standards, even under full- capacity maximum power conditions. In some cases, antennas and their supporting structures are located on the roofs of buildings. To assess this type of arrangement, measurements were made at head height on a flat roof in the vicinity of a typical omnidirec- tional antenna installation. The measured data were extrapolated to a worst-case situation involving simulta- neous transmission from 96 transmit- ters (most antennas have a maximum of 16 channels) which represents the maximum number of channels antici- pated at any single location. Because of the intermittent nature of transmission in an operational system, extrapolations based on an "all-transmitters-on" premise also represent an unrealistic worst-case estimate. The maximum extrapolated levels at head height do not exceed current U.S. exposure guidelines at any point more distant than five feet from the antenna. Additional measurements made within the building immediately below the roof mounted antenna, and with the transmitter output power adjusted to correspond to 96 transmitters operating simultaneously, revealed a maximum power density that was at least two thousand times lower than U.S. exposure guidelines. in conclusion, the measurements show that the operation of properly installed cellular radio base station antennas will not produce exposure levels considered significant in areas normally accessible to the public. Mobile Cellular Units Two types of mobile cellular antennas are available for vehicles: body mounted and glass mounted. In the glass mounted version, the RF energy is coupled to the antenna by an adaptive box located inside the car in proximity to the base of the antenna. Since glass is transparent to UHF signals, all of the energy is transferred from the radio, through the glass, to the antenna without the need for holes or exposed coaxial cables required in the body- mounted versions. Each antenna type has been extensively characterized to determine the exposure levels of bystanders and I the occupants of the car. In the case of metal body cats, when the cellular antennas are properly installed follow- ing the manufacturer's procedures, exposure of the passengers is at least four hundred times lower than all U.S. guidelines. It has been found experimentally that, when the antenna is mounted outside the vehicle, the metal body of the car provides substantial shielding of the passengers. This is particularly true for roof and glass mounted antennas that are located at the top or near the top of the windshield or back window. Occupants in vehicles with an antenna mounted on the trunk lip, trunk center or fender are also shielded, but to a lesser degree. In all cases, because of the low power emitted by the antenna (3.5 W), exposure of the passengers is at levels well below U.S. safety guide- i lines. There are two groups of unshielded exposure cases: (1) occupants of cars with plastic bodies, and (2) bystanders located very close to fender mounted antennas. Experimen- tal data show that when the distance between a person and a cellular antenna is 20 cm or more, the exposure levels are below U.S. guidelines. It is possible, however, for a bystander to come within 20 cm of certain antenna configurations. In this case, the exposure is sporadic and of brief duration. Time-averaging over any thirty minute period as specified in the guidelines reduces the exposure of the casual bystander to well below the exposure limits. In summary, the experimental data clearly show that the exposure from mobile cellular radios can easily be held below the most recent U.S. exposure guidelines by using present antenna technology and existing, widely employed, installation guidelines. Hand-Held Units Cellular hand-held (portable) units resemble, in size and form factor, a telephone handset. The antenna is located on the top of the handset and protrudes beyond the head of the user during use. Because the antenna is mounted on top of the handset, there is a distance of about 1.5 - 5 cm (depending on the specific telephone in valve) between the base of the antenna and the head of the user. The cellular portable unit emits 0.6 W, a power level well below the 2.0 W commonly used for CB (citizens' band) hand-held portable transceivers, and the 6 W commonly used for hand-held marine transceivers. The exposure of the head and body of the user of a cellular hand-held unit has also been measured. The measurements show that the exposure of the user is negligible, i.e., the head (the organ closest to the antenna) is exposed to levels below the most recent exposure guidelines. Conclusions With regard to the safety of exposure to radiofrequency energy from hand-held cellular telephones, mobile telephones and from cell-site antennas, recom- mended exposure limits and guidelines have been published by the American National Standards Institute, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measure- ments, and the International Radiation Protection Association. Prolonged exposure at or below the levels recommended in these guidelines is considered safe for human health. Measurements have shown that routine exposures of users and other persons to cellular telephones and cell-site antennas are below the limits in these standards. Therefore, based on present knowledge, exposures associated with cellular radio are considered to be safe. Re erences 1. Q. Balzano, 0. Garay, and F. Steel, "Energy Deposition in Simulated Human Operations of 800 MHz Portable Transmitters," IEEE Transac- tions on Vehicular Technology, Vol. VT 27, No. 4, Nov. 1978. 2. A.W. Guy and C.K Chou, "Spe- cific Absorption Rates of Energy in Man Models Exposed to Cellular UHF Mobile-Antenna Fields," IEEE Transac- tions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. MTT-34, No. 6, June 1986. 3. Second Report and Order, General Docket No. 79-144, Federal Communications Commission, FCC 87- 63, April 9,1987. 4. R.C. Petersen and P.A. Testagrossa, "Radio-Frequency Electro- magnetic Fields Associated with Cellular-Radio Cell-Site Antennas," Bioelectromagnetics,13:537-542,1992. 5. ANSL4EEE Std. 095.1-1991/92, "Standard for Safety Levels with Respect Human Exposure to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields, 3 kHz to 300 GHz," American National Standards Institute, New York, NY, 1992. 6. IEEE United States Activities Board, "Human Exposure to Radiofre- quency Fields for Portable and Mobile Telephones and Other Communication Devices," Entity Position Statement, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, December 2, 1992. ' Eneres Assoc?o?,e? a a nor, ="J??' m5oC+Ct:o1. o: m0nuioClu.e(s and masers of electr,coi and eieclron:c S,•sremEEF-. oe,eloos educofionol progroms he EiepromoonChC aensnc ed,oco`. x:cr.croosec eR o s o,e slondo-ds on 4,e oroduc+,on ono use of nom+on,z,nc e:ec omconel c energ TE,s Eoc+ Sneel Serves s ••. onser of :. i1reS ,eeC C•rcC'f. e c-16 , r•locoz): e es Jurotbi,oC n()O'd ' C`sc o.. Jrc S., rif the -porlonceI of ,0-0niz,nq ClecuomognCl,: e,ne:ti, I J^_.^`.?iCC ,C(1rOG UCt.Jn Of Ih,1 mote r,Cf ,os- Camoo o,onieo, oieose cted!l E;%- cs the soLjrce Ti,a cnd ? oc' Sheets on nor, ,on,zrnC eieu,omorn"e',•_ energy c EEA. 1255 T-emy 1070 HEALTH AND SAFETY 1 Health and Safety 1 A CELLULAR TELECOMMUNICATIONS PERSPECTIVE We live in a world where rapidly advancing technology touches almost every facet of our lives. Although these new technologies assist us in keeping pace with the challenges of our increasingly complex lives, it is natural to wonder how these ' technologies work and whether their effect on our health and environment has been carefully evaluated. In addition, it is important to maintain perspective by evaluating the evidence in the context of the positive contributions that these t technologies bring to peoples' lives. Consequently, the cellular industry asked the experts to evaluate the relevant scientific evidence in order to assess the safety of cellular communication facilities. The conclusion of these scientists, and the ' consensus of the scientific community, is that there is no scientific basis for any health concerns about exposure to cellular telephones and transmission facilities. t Dr. Arthur Guy, professor emeritus and former director of bioelectromagnetics research at the University of Washington School of Medicine, concludes that "emissions from cellular transmission facilities are safe and do not ' pose a threat to the health of the general population". Dr. Don Justesen, bioelectromagnetics researcher at the University of Kansas School of Medicine confirms that "nothing in the peer-reviewed literature would suggest a harmful effect from exposure to radiation at the low levels associated with exposure to cellular radio wave transmissions". Dr. Jerrold Bushberg, technical director and radiation safety officer at the ' University of California School of Medicine, Davis affirms that "the frequencies and power densities associated with cellular communications facilities have not been shown to be harmful and have not been linked to adverse health effects in humans ' or animals". Dr. F. Kristian Storm, Professor and Chairman of Surgical Oncology at the t University of Wisconsin Medical School, states that "electromagnetic fields at the cellular phone operating frequency band and power level have been proven incapable of causing DNA, gene, or chromosome mutations that could lead to ' cancer." The conclusions of these eminent scientists, as well as the findings of the ' governmental and standard-setting agencies that have evaluated the safety of radio frequency exposure, clearly support the safety of cellular transmissions. In light of the scientific evidence and cellular's positive contributions to the productivity and ' safety of people living and working within the community it serves, public health and welfare are enriched by cellular communications technology. rev July 1994 1 What are cellular telephones? Cellular telephone service is simply an extension of your ordinary telephone service that uses radio waves (also called electromagnetic waves) in place of wires to transmit and receive phone calls. This type of information transmission is similar to radio and TV broadcasts except that the signals from cellular phone systems are much weaker because they are intended to provide signal to a much smaller service area. Cellular radio waves transmit voice and data communications in the ultra- high frequency WHO band, a portion of the radio-frequency spectrum originally reserved for television broadcasting. Cellular carriers share this frequency band with taxicabs, local government, police and fire services, highway maintenance, forest conservation, and the state national guard. Cellular transmission facilities use radio waves to send voice and data communications to and from mobile users. The cellular telephone system is designed to make efficient use of a limited ' number of channels by dividing the service area into a number of smaller areas called "cells". Each cell is served by a base station, called a cell site", which consists of radio transmitters, receivers, and antennas. The receivers and transmitters are ' typically housed in small equipment shelters, and the antennas are most often located on rooftops or towers. To prevent signal interference between cells, the transmitters operate at very low power levels, typically from ten to one hundred ' watts or less per channel. What are the advantages of cellular technology? Cellular telephone service enhances the ability of a mobile society to ' communicate, improving safety and productivity. Because these phones do not require any wires or cables, people may send and receive calls anywhere in the world while within a cellular phone service area. Cellular phones are used for a ' wide variety of business applications everywhere from Wall Street offices to Texas cattle ranches to California fishing fleets. ' Cellular technology enhances personal safety by allowing stranded motorists to summon aid or report dangerous situations. Every day, cellular phones help ordinary people caught in extraordinary circumstances -- a Seattle woman trapped in t her car during a snowstorm; a California fisherman whose boat began to take on water and sink; a Pittsburgh businessman whose phone lines were knocked out by fire; a Washington grandmother who revived her grandson by receiving ' cardiopulmonary resuscitation instructions over her portable phone; and a Florida father who delivered his daughter while stalled in a traffic jam. All these people were grateful that their cellular phones were there when they needed them. 1 rev July 1994 2 What if I don't own a cellular phone? Are there any public benefits to cellular telephone service? Yes. Cellular technology supports emergency services, promotes safety, and enhances the lives of the people living and working in the communities served by the cellular communications network. For example, cellular technology plays a role in the delivery of emergency services. Paramedics use a special cellular electrocardiogram (ECG) machine to transmit a picture of a patient's heart rhythm to a hospital physician who can order immediate treatment if needed. By decreasing the time delay in treatment, the patient's odds of recovery and survival are enhanced. Cellular phones allow paramedics in responding ambulances to establish direct contact with the caller, improving the paramedics' ability to deliver timely medical assistance. The mobility of cellular phones clearly enhances their role in providing emergency communications. Cellular telephones play an important role in coordinating emergency responses to natural disasters, such as the October 1989 earthquake in San Francisco and the 1992 hurricane in Florida. With the landline network disabled, cellular telephones became the critical link between state and local emergency management offices and police and fire departments. In November 1990, cellular telephones allowed fire fighters in Yosemite to coordinate and plan their efforts, order needed supplies, and send fire maps to remote areas via cellular fax machines. In April 1991, Andover, Kansas was struck by a tornado that left more than 700 people homeless and destroyed landline communications. Cellular communications allowed police and rescue workers to establish a link to the outside world for many anxious families. Cellular phones enhance the safety of our highways. Cellular call boxes bring communication to remote stretches of highway, allowing motorists to summon aid in the event of accidents or vehicle breakdowns. In addition, cellular callers serve as "an extra set of ears and eyes on the road" when they alert police to drunk drivers and suspicious activities The cellular communication network plays an important role in the emergency response capabilities of the communities it serves and provides important benefits to the people who live and work within those communities. What is electromagnetic radiation ? Simply put, cellular radio waves are a form of radiant energy that contains both electric and magnetic components. This electromagnetic energy travels or radiates in waves like the ripples which form when a small rock is thrown into a pond. "Radiation" describes the passage of energy through space. Radio waves are a form of non-ionizing radiation that cannot strip electrons from molecules, in contrast to X-rays and other forms of ionizing radiation that have the photon energy to strip electrons from molecules. It is important not to confuse the biological effects of ionizing radiation, like x-rays, with non-ionizing cellular radio waves. rev July 1994 3 What are the sources and characteristics of public exposure to non-ionizing ' electromagnetic radiation? Exposure to electromagnetic energy is common and comes from a number of ' natural and man-made sources. For example, the flow of electrical charges within the earth, which accounts for its magnetic field, and the energy from the sun are both constant sources of exposure to electromagnetic energy. Even the human body ' radiates electromagnetic energy. Common man-made sources include electric utility lines, household wiring and appliances, and computers, as well as television and radio broadcasts. ' How do cellular radio base station transmissions compare with other common sources of electromagnetic energy? ' People are exposed to low levels of electromagnetic energy from a wide variety of sources. The relative contribution from cellular telecommunications facilities is very small. Commercial radio and television broadcasts are thousands of times more powerful than cellular transmissions, and yet, because radio waves dissipate rapidly with distance from the transmitter, public exposure to even the ' high powered FM radio broadcasts is minimal. The Environmental Protection Agency has performed extensive measurements of commercial radio fields in the largest U.S. cities and found that 99% of the public exposure is 200 to 1,000 times ' below the permissible exposure standards. Comparatively, exposure from the lower power cellular base station communication towers is insignificant. Who has researched the health effects of exposure to cellular radio waves? Several thousand scientific studies have been reported on the biological ' effects of exposure to radio waves. These studies have been conducted by researchers in universities, government, and private laboratories throughout the ' world. Who has evaluated the research on radio-frequency waves? ' The research findings on radio-frequency exposure have been reviewed and evaluated by numerous standard-setting bodies, including the Environmental ' Protection Agency (EPA), the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurement (NCRP), the Institute of Electrical and ' Electronic Engineers (IEEE) and the International Radiation Protection Association (IRPA). None of these agencies identified harmful health effects associated with the low power densities and ultra-high frequency of cellular radio transmissions. ' The scientific committees that develop and maintain exposure standards are comprised of scientists from the physical, biological, medical, and engineering ' sciences. They are university faculty members, federally employed scientists and ' rev July 1994 4 physicians, and biomedical investigators from industry and private research firms. These experts have the necessary training and background to review and evaluate the scientific literature relating to the biological effects of exposure to radio- frequency radiation. Are there safety standards to limit exposure to radio-frequency radiation? The two most widely recognized standards for protection against excessive exposure to radio waves are the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Radio Frequency Protection Guide (C95.1) and the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurement (NCRP) Radio Frequency Protection Guide. Both of these standards are regularly reviewed and revised to ensure that they conform with current scientific evidence. The 1991 ANSI/IEEE Standard The ANSI has formulated standards for devices and systems that affect every aspect of our safety and well-being. The ANSI standard (C95.1) limits the whole body average specific absorption rate (SAR) to four-tenths of a watt per kilogram of body mass (0.4 W/kg) for controlled environments (occupational) and 0.08 W/kg for uncontrolled environments (general public). To put these numbers in perspective, the resting rate of human metabolism is approximately 1 W/kg of body mass and a jogging man will generate approximately 4W/kg. In the context of human thermoregulation, the impact of exposure to 0.4 W/kg is practically indistinguishable from the impact of normal ambient temperature variations caused by exposure to the sun or exercise. The 1986 NCRP Standard The NCRP is an independent, non-profit body chartered by the United States Congress to oversee and evaluate the use of both ionizing and non-ionizing radiation. The NCRP exposure guidelines, like the 1991 ANSI/IEEE standard, recommend that the exposure limits for the public be five times more restrictive than the limits recommended for workers. At the cellular frequency of 850 MHz, both NCRP and ANSI limit general population exposure to a power density of approximately 0.56 milliwatts (a milliwatt is a thousandth of a watt) per square centimeter (0.56 mW/cm2). Power densities at or near cellular base station facilities are well below the permissible exposure limit, typically ranging from 0.00005 to 0.010 mW/cm2. How can we be sure that these exposure standards adequately protect public health? The ANSI/IEEE and NCRP exposure standards incorporate substantial safety margins to protect the public health. The IEEE Standard Coordinating Committee 28 explained the significance of the safety factor. "The previous standard explicitly rev July 1994 5 invoked a safety factor of 10 on the threshold of 4 W/kg whole-body average SAR, but incorporated numerous 'conservative assumptions' or implicit contributions toward 'safety'...The collective impact of these 'conservative' assumptions is to provide a degree of safety or freedom from hazard for a given human over time and space much greater than is implied by the explicit safety factor of ten." The IEEE Standards Coordinating Committee affirms that "the recommended exposure levels should be safe for all." In testimony submitted to Congress on February 2, 1993, Dr. F. Kristian Storm, Professor and Chairman of Surgical Oncology at the University of Wisconsin and past Chairman of the committee that formulated the standard, explained that "the ANSI 1991 Safety Standard is an extremely conservative standard with a margin of safety tenfold for occupational exposure and 50 fold for the public. This standard was derived from detailed open deliberations of all peer-reviewed scientific publications relating to potential biohazards of any type. The committee members represented the medical and biologic sciences, social sciences, the government (EPA, FDA, FCC, OSHA), the military, and industry. No carefully controlled reproducible scientific experiment performed by anyone, anywhere, by any means, at any time, has refuted the validity of this standard. The exposure from portable telephones is well within this standard." Are microwave transmissions safe? Microwave dishes are used at some locations to transmit signals to other ' communications facilities, although this link is more often accomplished through the landline telephone network. The use of point-to-point microwave transmissions allows the cellular network to continue to function when the ' landline telephone network has been disrupted or to operate in remote areas where conventional telephone service is unavailable. ' Microwave point-to-point transmission links are located on towers or rooftops and are designed to focus signals towards other dishes or antennas located many feet above the ground, well away from potential human exposure. In 1 addition, they operate at very low power levels of a few watts or less. The Federal Communications Commission notes in a bulletin published by the Office of Engineering and Technology that "ground-level power densities due to microwave directional antennas are normally a thousand times or more below recommended safety limits" and "an individual would likely have to stand directly in front of such an antenna for a significant period of time in order to be exposed to microwave t levels that might be considered harmful". Given the inaccessibility of these dishes, such a condition would be extremely unlikely, if not impossible. ' Are portable cellular phones safe? ' There is no evidence that users of portable cellular phones are exposed to hazardous levels of electromagnetic energy. While the antenna from a portable ' rev July 1999 6 cellular phone is closer to the body than a car-mounted antenna, the operating power level is greatly reduced - six-tenths of a watt for the portable compared with three and a half watts for the cellular car phone and five to ten watts or more for police, fire and CB radios. Portable cellular phones are designed to adjust the power output to generate only enough power to reach the nearest base station. In a typical urban area, a portable operates at the full power of six tenths of a watt only 5% of the time; the rest of the time it operates at a quarter of a watt (250 milliwatts) or less. A by Dr. Om P. Gandhi, Professor and Chairman of Electrical Engineering at the University of Utah, found that very little energy is absorbed by the portable cellular telephone user. The study of ten portable phones, with both short and long antennas, found that the peak SAR (Specific Absorption Rate) for these cellular portable phone users is well below the limit specified in the ANSI/IEEE radio frequency exposure standard. In a position statement issued December 2, 1992, the Committee on Man and Radiation of the United States Activities Board of the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers states: "Measurements have shown that the routine exposures of users and other persons to low power portable and mobile transceivers and cellular telephones do not induce rates of RF energy absorption that exceed any of the maximum permissible rates of energy absorption defined by these guidelines... Therefore, based on present knowledge, the exposures from low-power transceivers and cellular telephones are considered to be without risk for the users and the public." In written testimony submitted to Congress, Dr. F. Kristian Storm, Chairman of Surgical Oncology at the University of Wisconsin and principal investigator of the world's largest human clinical trial involving the use of electromagnetic energy in cancer treatment, testified that portable cellular phones do not cause cancer. "Electromagnetic fields at the cellular phone operating frequency band and power level have been proven incapable of causing DNA, gene, or chromosome mutations that could lead to cancer.... In summary and simply put, there is no evidence to support the contention that cellular telephones cause cancer in any organ, including the brain." Will cellular transmissions aggravate existing medical conditions? There has been no evidence that an existing medical condition can be worsened by exposure to cellular radio transmissions. However, stress from concern or worry, often caused by fear of the unknown, may increase susceptibility to illness. The best medicine is education. Knowledge leads not only to power, but to better health. rev July 1994 7 ' Will cellular transmissions interfere with a pacemaker? ' Modern pacemakers are well-shielded to protect from unwanted interference from external sources. Immunity to interference is an important element in the design and engineering of all electronic products, especially safety and medical devices. Cellular phones operate within authorized standards governing frequency, power, and other operating specifications. Pacemaker patients should consult their ' physicians about the advisability of exposure to radio transmissions. Does the cellular industry support further research into the safety of cellular technology? The Cellular Telephone Industry Association will spend $9 to $25 million ' dollars over the next three to five years to sponsor a long term research and information program. The program is directed by an independent Science Advisory Group and the findings are subject to review by a nine member Peer Review Board ' that includes world-renowned experts in public health and radio frequency research. The peer review process will be coordinated through Harvard University's Center for Risk Analysis. Initial review of existing studies has found no scientific basis for ' health concerns about cellular telephone transmissions. Ongoing research and the continuing review of scientific developments assure that safety issues will continue to be addressed. ' What do I do if I have additional questions about exposure to electromagnetic energy? ' There are a number of different sources for obtaining additional information regarding non-ionizing electromagnetic energy. Various federal agencies and ' departments within the federal government are charged with responsibilities for different aspects of the use and control of electromagnetic energy. A list of the federal agencies, along with a brief description of their areas of responsibility and information on how to contact their offices, is given below: t (1) FCC: The Federal Communications Commission has jurisdiction of non-government use of the radio-frequency spectrum. Questions and Answers About Biological Effects and Potential Hazards of Radio frequency Radiation, ' Bulletin #56, Third Edition is available from the National Technical Information Service, U.S. Department of Commerce, Springfield, VA 22161. Questions regarding FCC-regulated transmitters can be directed to the FCC Spectrum Engineering ' Division, Office of Engineering and Technology, Washington, D.C. 20554. (2) FDA: The Food and Drug Administrations' Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH), Rockville, MD 20857. This agency can answer questions related to consumer electronic products, such as microwave ovens. 1 rev July 1994 (3) EPA: The Environmental Protection Agency's Office of Radiation Programs (401 M. St. S.W., Washington, D.C. 20460 or P.O. Box 98517, Las Vegas, Nevada 89193-8517). This agency studies exposure of the public to radio-frequency radiation. (4) OSHA: The Occupational Safety and Health Administration's Health Response Team (390 Wakara Way, P.O. Box 8137, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108). This agency has been involved in studies related to occupational exposure to radio-frequency radiation. However, OSHA has limited involvement in this area at the present time. (5) NIOSH: The National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health maintains a limited program for studying exposure of workers to non-ionizing radiation. The address is: NIOSH, Physical Agents Branch, 4776 Columbia Parkway, Cincinnati, Ohio 45226. (6) ANSI: The American National Standards Institute has formulated standards for radio-frequency protection. The address is: ANSI, 1430 Broadway, New York, NY 10018. (7) N C R P : The National Council on Radiation Protection and Management is an independent, non-profit body chartered by Congress to oversee the application and control of radiation. The address is: NCRP, 7910 Woodmont Ave., Suite 1016, Bethesda, Maryland 20814. (8) IEEE: The Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers develops and issues standards through the Standards Coordinating Committee of the IEEE Standards Board. IEEE-USA, 1828 L Street NW, Suite 1202, Washington, D.C. 20036- 5104. 202/785-0017. Comments on standards and requests for interpretation should be addressed to: Secretary, IEEE Standards Board, 445 Hoes Lane, P.O. Box 1331, Piscataway, NJ 08855-1331. In addition, there are other sources of information on electromagnetic energy. A few states maintain non-ionizing radiation programs. These state activities are usually part of a department of public health or environmental regulation. Professional Societies Publications and Newsletters: There is a large, and rapidly growing, database of scientific literature on the biological effects of non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation. T h e Bioelectromagnetics journal is published six times a year by the Bioelectromagnetic Society. Many of the most important scientific findings are published in this journal and evaluated by members of the society. The Health Physics Journal, published monthly by the Health Physics Society, covers issues pertaining to the health and safety of all radiation, including non- ionizing electromagnetic radiation. rev July 1994 9 cell sites (antennas): Cell sites are cellular radio base station facilities that transmit and receive radio waves at frequencies between 800-900 MHz, also known as the ultra-high frequency (UHF) band of the electromagnetic spectrum. A cell site consists of radio transmitters, receivers, and antennas. The receivers and transmitters are typically housed in small equipment shelters or rooms. The transmitters operate at very low power levels to avoid interference with transmissions in adjacent cells. The antennas are most often located on towers or rooftops. A cell site connects with other facilities via radio waves that are transmitted to the mobile switching office which routes the calls to their intended destinations. electric field: Electric fields represent the forces that electric charges exert on other charges at a distance because they are charged. Two positive charges repel each other and dissimilar charges (positive and negative) attract each other. These forces of attraction and repulsion are carried from charge to charge through space by the electric field. These charges produce two kinds of fields: electric fields which result from the strength of the charge and magnetic fields that result from the motion of the charge. Together, these fields are often referred to as electromagnetic fields. Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI): EPRI is a utility organization that ' funds research, public education, and policy analysis regarding energy technologies. With respect to electromagnetic energy, their main focus in the last several years has been research and analysis of the potential link between cancer and exposure to 60 ' cycle electric and magnetic fields associated with power transmission and distribution systems. electromagnetic energy (EME): Electromagnetic energy is radiant energy containing both electric and magnetic components that travels in a wave like fashion. EME has no mass and travels in straight lines at the speed of light. Human exposure to electromagnetic energy is common and comes from a number of natural and manmade sources. For example, the flow of electrical charges within the earth, which accounts for its magnetic field, and the energy from the sun are both constant sources of exposure to EME. Even the human body itself generates electromagnetic energy. Common man-made sources include transmission lines, household wiring, home appliances, computers, television, and radio. The difference in energy is characterized by the difference in the wavelength or frequency of the wave. The varying frequencies make up the electromagnetic spectrum. electromagnetic field: Electromagnetic fields are made up of two components: ' a force similar to the energy surrounding electric charges and a force similar to the energy originating from a magnet. rev July 1994 10 electromagnetic radiation (EMR): Electromagnetic radiation refers to the propagation of the electromagnetic wave through space. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA): The EPA has responsibility for evaluating the environmental impact of new and existing technologies and proposing standards where necessary to ensure the public health and safety. extremely-low frequency (ELF): This type of electromagnetic energy is typically associated with the 60 Hz electric and magnetic fields produced by electric power transmission and distribution systems and appliances. Federal Communications Commission (FCC): The FCC regulates the allocation of the radio-frequency spectrum for public and private communications facilities and devices. The FCC also issues directives concerning the safety of communications systems and equipment. Food and Drug Administration (FDA): The FDA is responsible for clinical aspects of the production of consumer and industrial products. The Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH) office within the FDA is responsible for issues related to cellular technologies. frequency: Frequency is the number of times a specified phenomenon occurs within a specified time interval. With electromagnetic waves, it is the number of waves passing a given point during a given time. A unit of frequency is the hertz (Hz) which measure the number of waves or cycles per second. A unit of one thousand is a kilohertz (kHz), a unit of one million is a megahertz (MHz), and a unit of one billion is a gigahertz (GHz). The higher the frequency, the shorter the wavelength. Frequencies of cellular radio waves are fairly high, about 850 million cycles per second, so the wavelengths are relatively short, about 14 inches. Frequency is often used to characterize a particular type of electromagnetic energy. For example, extremely-low frequency (ELF) is used to describe the 60 cycle (or 60 Hz) energy associated with power lines; very-high frequency (VHF) waves are commonly used to transmit radio and television broadcasts (30-300 MHz), and cellular systems operate in the ultra-high frequency (UHF) band (300-3,000 MHz). hertz (Hz): A unit used to measure frequency expressed as one cycle per second. In the U.S., alternating current (AC) power has a frequency of 60 Hz. In most of Europe, AC power has a frequency of 50 Hz. Radio waves have frequencies of many thousands or millions of hertz, and x-rays have frequencies billions of times greater than that. Units of one thousand, one million, and one billion Hertz are abbreviated as kHz ("kilohertz"), MHz ("megahertz"), and GHz ("gigahertz"). ionizing electromagnetic radiation: Ionizing radiation is electromagnetic energy that radiates at a frequency beyond the far ultraviolet that has enough photon energy to separate electrons from atoms (called ionization). X-rays and rev July 1994 1 1 gamma rays are common types of ionizing electromagnetic radiation. Cellular ' telecommunication radio waves are non-ionizing. magnetic field: When electric charges move, they create additional forces on each other. These additional forces are carried through space by magnetic fields. A magnetic field represents the forces that a moving charge exerts on other moving charges because they are moving. All currents produce magnetic fields that form ' closed continuous loops around the currents. National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurement: The NCRP is a ' non-profit corporation chartered by Congress to collect, analyze, develop, and disseminate information and recommendations about (a) protection against radiation and (b) measurements, quantities, and units of radiation. This ' organization coordinates their activities with other national and international agencies and organizations. t non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation (NIEMR): Non-ionizing radiation is electromagnetic energy that radiates with a frequency lower than the far ultraviolet. Non-ionizing radiation does not possess sufficient energy to remove electrons from ' atoms (ionization). Television, radio waves (including cellular), and microwaves are all common types of non-ionizing radiation. ' portable cellular phones: Portable cellular phones resemble in size and form a telephone hand set. The antenna is located on the top of the hand set and protrudes beyond the head of the user during use. Because the antenna is mounted ' on top of the hand set, there is normally a two inch distance between the base of the antenna and the head of the user. Exposure to the head and body have been evaluated and measurements demonstrate that exposures are well within ' established safety guidelines. ' power density: The intensity of radio waves is expressed in terms of power density and is commonly measured in units called milliwatts per square centimeter (mW/cm2). A milliwatt is one thousandth of a watt. Lower power densities, such ' as those associated with cellular transmissions, may also be expressed in microwatts per square centimeter (u W / cm 2). A microwatt is one millionth of a watt. In contrast, the strength of magnetic fields is expressed in milligauss (mG) and the t strength of electric fields is expressed in volts or kilovolts per meter (V/m or kV/m). ' Measurements of power density can be made with specific equipment that typically assesses either the electric or magnetic component of the field. The type of instrument and probe selected depends upon what frequencies are being measured ' and what sensitivity level or range of power one wants to be able to record. Instruments used for official measurements should be calibrated by an independent laboratory within the past year. Measurements should be taken and recorded by a ' qualified expert in accordance with recommendations made by the National Council rev July 1994 12 on Radiation and Protection in Measurements (NCRP). instrumentation or operating the equipment under conditions recommended by the manufacturer, may result in false readings. Using the wrong other than those ' radiation: Radiation is any of a variety of forms of energy propagated through space. Radiation may involve either particles (for example alpha-rays or beta-rays) or waves (for example x-rays, light, microwaves or radio waves). Ionizing radiation, such as x-rays, carries enough energy to break chemical and electrical bonds. Non-ionizing radiation, like microwaves and radio waves, does not have sufficient energy to break chemical and electric bonds. Cellular telephone systems use non-ionizing electromagnetic energy. specific absorption rate (SAR): The time rate at which non-ionizing electromagnetic energy is imparted to a biological body. The SAR takes into account the power density, frequency, and size and orientation of the subject to allow calculation of a mass normalized rate of energy absorption, expressed in watts per kilogram (W/kg). wavelength: The distance between any two corresponding points on consecutive waves (e.g., the distance from peak to peak). For example, extremely low frequency (ELF) energy has wavelengths of thousands of miles, while point-to- point microwave transmissions have wavelengths of approximately four inches. rev July 1994 13 ENTITY POSITION STATEMENT HUMAN EXPOSURE TO RF EMISSIONS FROM CELLULAR RADIO BASE STATION ANTENNAS 1828 L STREET, NW SUITE 1202, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-5104 (202) 785-0017 We recognize public concern for safety of microwave exposure from cellular communications base stations. Guidelines for limiting exposure have been published by the American National Standards Institute, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, and other national and international organizations. These guidelines were developed to protect workers and the general population from harmful exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields. Based on present knowledge, prolonged exposure at or below the levels recommended in these guidelines is considered safe for human health. Measurements near typical cellular base stations have shown that exposure levels normally encountered by the public are well below limits recommended by all national and international safety standards. Furthermore, public exposure near cellular base stations is not significantly different from the usual "RF background" levels in urban areas, which are produced by radio and television broadcast stations present in every modern community. Therefore, one can conclude that exposure from properly operating cellular base stations is safe for the general population. There may be circumstances where workers could be exposed to fields greater than the standards specify. In those cases, generally on rooftops, access can be and should be restricted. This statement was developed by the Committee on Man and Radiation of the United States Activities Board of The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE), and represents the considered judgment of a group of U.S. IEEE members with expertise in the subject field. The IEEE United States Activities Board promotes the career and technology policy interests of the 250,000 electrical, electronics, and computer engineers who are U.S. members of the IEEE. 1 IEEE United States Activities Board Armrovin<t Entity May 1992 Date BACKGROUND The acceptance and use of cellular radios and cellular telephones, which operate in continuous wave mode at carrier frequencies between 825 and 845 MHz (mobile transmitters) and between 870 and 890 MHz (base station transmitters), has increased dramatically during the past few years. To keep up with the ' demand for available radio channels and to ensure quality of service, there is a continual need for additional cells in many metropolitan areas and their suburbs. The installation of cell site or base station ' antennas frequently raises concerns about their environmental impact and safety. In addition to commonly asked questions about the aesthetic/visual impact of towers, many communities raise concerns about exposure of the public to radiofrequency energy transmitted by these sites, particularly people who live or work in the vicinity of the antennas. The cell-site antennas are usually located on towers, either free-standing monopoles or lattice type, ' ranging in height from 30 to 75 meters. In many cases it is more convenient to locate antennas on the top or side of other existing structures, such as water tanks or buildings. The antenna height is critical; it must be high enough to provide coverage throughout the cell but low enough to preclude interfering with remote cells. Each cell site contains both transmitting and receiving antennas. The number of antennas depends on the service area, e.g., in an extremely high density service area six transmitting antennas, each with up to sixteen radio channels, could be used. ' The maximum total effective radiated power (ERP) of a system would depend on the number of channels authorized at a site. Typically, there are 16 transmitting channels (discrete-frequencies) per cellular ' antenna. As many as six transmitting antennas (for a total of 96 discrete frequencies) could be used at a given site, but this number is unlikely. Furthermore, all channels would not be expected to be operating simultaneously, thus reducing overall emission levels. ' The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) authorizes up to two cellular telephone companies in ' each service area. Although the FCC permits an ERP up to 500 watts per channel (depending on the geographical area and tower height), die m--jcrty of the cell-site in urban and suburban areas operate at ERPs of 100 watts or less per channel. In large cities the cells are small and the ERP is usually 10 watts per channel. The transmitters associated with "microcells," usually located within buildings, railroad stations, etc., operate at ERPs lower than 1 watt. The system is self-limiting in the sense that as the system expands and cells are subdivided, the transmitter power is reduced to prevent interference with ' remote cells. As with other antennas used for telecommunications the energy from a cell-site antenna is directed toward the horizon in a relatively narrow beam in the vertical plane. As one moves away from the antenna, the power density decreases as the inverse square of the distance, and consequently, the exposure at ground-level in the vicinity of an antenna tower is relatively low compared with the exposure very close to the antenna itself. Measurements made around typical cell-site antenna towers have shown that ground-level power densities are well below limits for the general population recommended by recognized organizations, such as the American National Standards Institute (ANSI-C95.1, 1982), the IEEE (IEEE-C95.1, 1991), the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP, 1986) and the International Radiation Protection Association (IRPA, 1988), which range from 2.75-2.97 milliwatts per square centimeter (mW/CM2) for occupational exposure to 0.41-0.45 mW/cm' for general population exposure at cellular radio frequencies of 825-890 MHz. The maximum exposure levels found near the base of typical cell-site antenna towers are, in fact, lower than all national and international recommended safety limits. These maximum exposure levels occur only at the limited distances close to the base of the tower. For example, data submitted to the FCC showed a maximum measured ground-level power density at the base of a 45 meter tower to be of the order of 0.00002 mW/cm2 per radio channel, corresponding to 0.002 mW/cm2 for a 96 channel, 100 watts ERP per channel, fully implemented system. The antennas were omni-directional colinear arrays. The m :: as F::::- to occur ~,?pically at distances be:.vee:. A t, art" 25 . acrs from the b.:se of the tower. At other points within 90 meters the levels were considerably lower; on average less than 0.0001 mW/cm2 for 96 channels. Similar measurements made in the vicinity of higher towers yielded correspondingly lower values. Measurements show that the power density at distances greater than 60 meters from all commonly used directional and omni-directional cell-site antennas is less than 0.010 mW/cm2 including points in the main beam. RF radiation from nearby cellular base stations does not significantly increase the reported "RF background" levels in urban areas (Tell and Mantiply, 1980). Because of building attenuation, the power density levels inside of nearby buildings at corresponding distances from a cell-site antenna would be from 10 to 100 times smaller than outside (depending on building construction). Thus the maximum levels inside of buildings located near the base of a typical 45 ' meter cell-site antenna tower will be between 0.0002 and 0.00002 mW/cm2. Measurements made directly in the beam of a roof-mounted omni-directional antenna with sixteen radio channels indicated that the power density was less than 1 mW/cm2 at a distance of 3 meters from the antenna and less than 0.010 mW/cm2 beyond 50 meters. Thus, in certain areas on the rooftop, depending on the proximity to the antenna, the exposure levels can be higher than those allowed by the safety standards. Access to these ' areas should be restricted. Measurements show that in rooms directly below roof-mounted installations, the power density levels are considerably lower than roof locations, depending on the construction. For typical construction (e.g., wood or cement block) the attenuation is about a factor of 10. The power density behind sector (directional) antennas is hundreds to thousands of times lower than in front, and hence, levels are negligible in rooms directly behind walls where sector antennas are mounted on the sides of buildings. In conclusion, measurements and calculations have verified that the power densities associated with cellular radio cell-site antennas to which the public may be exposed are not significantly different from ' "RF background" levels in urban areas which are produced by radio and television broadcast stations present in every modern community, and are well below the limits recommended by national and international safety standards. Based on this comparison, cellular communications base station. emissions are safe for the general population. There are circumstances where workers could be exposed to fields greater than the standards specify. In those cases, generally on rooftops, access should be restricted. REFERENCES: 1. ANSI-095.1, (1982), (American National Standard Safety Levels with Respect to Human Exposure to Radiofrequencv Electromagnetic Fields, 300 kHz to 100 GHz). IEEE Standards Dept., Piscataway, New Jersey 2. IEEE-C95.1. (1991), Safety Levels with Respect to Human Exposure to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields. 3 kHz to 300 GHz. IEEE Standards Department, Piscataway, New Jersey. 3. IEEE-USA Entity Position Statement, (1990), Human exposure to microwaves and other radiofrequency electromagnetic fields. IEEE United States Activities, COMAR, Washington, DC. 4. IRPA. (1988), (Guidelines on Limits of Exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields in the Frequency Range from 100 kHz to 300 GHz). Health Physics, 54(1):115-123. ' 5. NCRP. (1986), (Biological Effects and Exposure Criteria for Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields). Report 86, (Bethesda, MD: National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements) pp.1-382. 6. Tell, R.A. and Mantiply, E.D., (1980), "Population exposure to VHF and UHF broadcast radiation in the United States," Proc. IEEE 68(1):6-12. FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION OFFICE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY SPECTRUM ENGINEERING DIVISION WASHINGTON, D.C. December 1994 INFORMATION ON HUMAN EXPOSURE TO RADIOFREQUENCY FIELDS FROM CELLULAR RADIO TRANSMITTERS (1) Cellular base stations Radiofrequencles constitute part of the overall electromagnetic spectrum. Cellular communications systems use frequencies in the 800-900 megahertz (MHz) portion of the radiofrequency (RF) spectrum (frequencies formerly used for UHF-TV broadcasting). Primary antennas for cellular transmissions are usually located on towers, water tanks and other elevated strictures including rooftops and the sides of buildings. The combination of antennas and associated electronic equipment is referred to as a "cellular base station" or "cell site." Typical heights for cellular base station towers or structures are 50-200 feet. A typical base station utilizes either several "omnidirectional' antennas that look like poles or whips, 10 to 15 feet in length, or a number of "sector" antennas that look like rectangular panels. The dimensions of a sector antenna are typically 1 foot by 4 feet. Sector antennas are usually arranged in three groups of three with one antenna in each group used to transmit signals to mobile units (cellular car phones or hand-held cellular telephones). The other two antennas in each group are used to receive signals from mobile units. Similarly, when omnidirectional antennas are used, some transmit and some only receive signals. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) authorizes a 'tivireline' and "non wire-line' carrier in each service area. The total RF power that could be transmitted from each transmitting antenna at a cell site depends on the number of radio channels (transmitters) that have been authorized. Typically, a maximum of 16 or 19 channels (depending on the system) could be used. Thus, for a typical cell site utilizing sector antennas, each of the three transmitting antennas could be connected to 16 or 19 transmitters for a total of 48 or 57 transmitters per site. When omnidirectional antennas are used, up to 96 transmitters could be implemented at a cell site, but this would be very unusual. While a typical base station could have as many as 48-57 transmitters, not all of the transmitters would be expected to operate simultaneously. Although the FCC permits an effective radiated power (ERP) of up to 500 watts per channel (depending on the tower height), the majority of cellular base stations in urban and suburban areas operate at an ERP of 100 watts per channel or less. An ERP of 100 watts corresponds to an actual radiated power of 5-10 watts, depending on the type of antenna used (ERP is not equivalent to the power that is radiated but is a measure of the directional characteristics of the antenna). As the capacity of a system is expanded by dividing cells, i.e., adding additional base stations, lower ERPs can be used in urban areas, and ERP of 10 watts per channel or less is commonly used. All channels would not be expected to operate simultaneously, thus reducing overall emission levels. The signal from a cellular base station antenna is essentially directed toward the horizon in a relatively narrow beam in the vertical plane. For example, the radiation pattern for an omnidirectional antenna might be compared to a thin doughnut or pancake centered around the antenna while the pattern for a sector antenna is fan-shaped, like a wedge cut from a pie. As with all forms of electromagnetic energy, the power density from a cellular transmitter decreases rapidly (according to an inverse square law) as one moves away from the antenna. Consequently, normal ground-level exposure is much less than exposure very close to the actual antenna. Measurements made near typical cellular towers have shown that ground-level power densities are well below limits recommended by RF and microwave safety standards. At a frequency of 869 MHz (the lowest base station frequency used), the RF protection guides of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI C95.1-1982), which is used by the FCC and others, recommend that human exposure should be limited to a power density of about 2900 microwatts per square centimeter (uW/cm as averaged over any six minute period. This limit is many times greater than RF levels found near the base of typical cellular towers. Measurement data obtained from various sources have consistently indicated that "worst-case" ground-level power densities near typical cellular towers are on the order of 1 uW/cm2 or less. Calculations corresponding to a ' worst-case' situation (all transmitters operating simultaneously and continuously at the maximum licensed power) show that in order to be exposed to levels near the 1982 ANSI-recommended limits for cellular frequencies, an individual would essentially have to be in the main transmitting beam (at the height of the antenna) and within a few feet from the antenna. This makes it extremely unlikely that a member of the general public could be exposed to RF levels in excess of these safety guidelines. Potential exposure can also be compared with the more restrictive limits recommended by the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP), the International Radiation Protection Association (IRPA), or the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). The IEEE guidelines (ANSI/IEEE C95.1 -1992) have been recently adopt by ANSI to replace the 1982 guidelines mentioned above. The NCRP and ANSI/IEEE guidelines recommend a limit for exposure of the general public (or exposure in "uncontrolled" environments) of about 580 uW/cm2 at 869 MHz. The corresponding IRPA recommendation is about 435 uW/cm2 . The exposure levels measured at ground level around cellular towers are hundreds or thousands of times lower than the above limits. The FCC has recently proposed adopting the new ANSI/IEEE guidelines for purposes of evaluating environmental RF fields from transmitters such as cellular radio antennas. When cellular antennas are mounted at rooftop locations it is possible that RF levels greater than 1 * uW/cm2 could be present on the rooftop itself. This might become an issue if the rooftop were accessible to maintenance personnel or others. However, exposures approaching or exceeding the safety guidelines are only likely to be encountered very close to and directly in front of the antennas. Even if RF levels were to be higher than desirable on a rooftop, appropriate restrictions could be placed on access. Factoring in the time-averaging aspects of safety standards could also be used to reduce potential exposure. The fact that rooftop cellular antennas usually operate at lower power levels than antennas on free- standing towers makes excessive exposure conditions on rooftops even less likely and would not be expected to produce excessive exposure conditions for occupants within the building. (2) Mobile (vehicle-mounted) antennas Vehicle-mounted antennas used for cellular communications normally operate at a power level of 3 wafts or less. These cellular antennas are typically mounted an the roof, on the trunk, or on the rear window of a car or truck. Studies have shown that in order to be exposed to RF levels that approach the safety guidelines it would be necessary to remain very close to a vehicle-mounted cellular antenna. For example, a study done for AT&T Bell Laboratories by the University of Washington documented typical and "worst-case" exposure levels and specific absorption rates (SAR) for vehicle occupants and persons standing close to vehicle-mounted cellular antennas. Worst-case exposure conditions were considered when an individual was at the closest possible distance from the antenna. Several configurations were tested using adult and child "phantom" models. 2 The results of this study showed that the highest exposure level (1900 uW/cm2) occurred with a female ' phantom model at a distance of 9.7 cm (3.8 inches) from one of the antennas operating with a power of 3 watts. Although this level approaches the ANSI protection guide for this frequency, the antenna could be driven to approximately 35 W of power before the 8 wafts per kilogram (W/kg) partial-body threshold of the ANSI guidelines would be exceeded. The'intermittent nature of transmission and the improbability ' that a person would remain so close to the antenna for any length of time further reduces the potential for excessive exposure. The University of Washington study indicated that vehicle occupants are effectively shielded by the metal body. Also, Motorola, Inc., in comments flied with the FCC, has expressed the opinion that proper installation of a vehicle-mounted antenna to maximize the shielding effect is an effective way of limiting exposure. Motorola recommended installation either in the center of the roof or the center of the trunk. In response to concern expressed over the commonly-used rear-window mounted cellular antennas, Motorola recommended a minimum separation distance of 30-60 cm (1-2 feet) to minimize exposure to vehicle occupants resulting from antenna mismatch for this type of antenna installation. ' From data gathered to date, it appears that property installed, vehicle-mounted, cellular transceivers using 3 watts of power would result in maximum exposure levels in or near the vehicle well below the safety limits recommended by ANSI or the NCRP. This assumes that the transmitting antenna is at least ' 15 cm (about 6 inches) or more from vehicle occupants. Time-averaging of exposure (usually a 6-30 minute period is specified) will usually result In still lower values when compared with safety guidelines. (3) Hand-held cellular telephones A question that often arises is whether there may be potential health risks to users of hand-held cellular ' telephones due to their exposure to radio waves used for cellular transmissions. The ANSI/IEEE and NCRP guidelines contain exclusion clauses for handheld RF devices that transmit at frequencies below 1000 MHz. These exclusion clauses are based on the belief that devices using power levels below the ' specified levels would not cause specific absorption rates (SAR) in excess of recommended limits. For example, the ANSI/IEEE partial-body limit in "controlled' environments is an absorption threshold of 8 watts/kg (W/kg) as measured over any one gram of tissue. ' The NCRP recommendations dealing with localized power absorption are also based on a threshold of 8 W/kg, but only for occupational exposure. For the general population, a partial-body limit of one-fifth the occupational level, or 1.6 W/kg is recommended by the NCRP. The ANSI/IEEE guidelines also recommend a 1.6 W1kg threshold for localized partial-body SAR in 'uncontrolled environments.' The ANSI/IEEE exclusion clause for hand-held RF devices in uncontrolled environments and for frequencies of 800-900 MHz is about 0.7-0.8 wafts of radiated power, slightly more ' than the maximum power of a hand-held cellular telephone. The power of a hand-held cellular telephone is controlled by the base station to operate at discrete power levels between 0.006 and 0.600 watts. The ANSI/IEEE exclusion clause thus implies that hand-held cellular telephones should not produce SARs t that are in excess of the recommended limits for "uncontrolled' environments. Measurements of SAR in models of the human head and other studies of SAR distribution have been reported using both %valkie-talkie' portable radios and hand-held cellular telephones. In general, these ' studies have shown that the 8 W/kg limit recommended by ANSI and NCRP in occupational or "controlled' environments is unlikely to be exceeded by use of a radio operating at 800-900 MHz with power levels of up to several wafts. In one of these studies it was shown that the 8 W/kg peak level ' might be exceeded fora handheld 'push to talk" radio operating at several wafts if the antenna feed-point were located very close (1 -2 cm or less) to the user's head or eyes. However, it was concluded that the guidelines would still likely be met because of the low duty factors associated with the use of this type of radio. The 1.6 W/kg threshold might be exceeded in the worst case, but when time-averaging is 3 considered average exposure levels would likely be below recommended levels for low-powered hand- held radios. For hand-held cellular telephones, although the duty factor (time the phone is actually transmitting in a given period) is likely to be higher than that for walkie-talkies; because the maximum power level is usually significantly lower (0.6 watts), exposure in excess of recommended guidelines is less likely. Studies of human head models using cellular telephones have generally reported that SAR values; are below the 1.6 W/kg level as averaged over one gram of tissue. However, some recent studies have reported higher peak levels that suggest the need for further dosimetric studies. Recent publicity over the issue of exposure to RF fields from cellular telephones has resulted in increased public concern. In response to this concern the Cellular Telecommunications Industry Association (CTIA) has begun a multiple-year, mufti-million dollar program to award grants to researchers who will investigate this issue. Persons interested in obtaining details about this program should contact the Scientific Advisory Group on Cellular Telephone Research at (202) 833-2800. Another federal agency with regulatory authority over radiative emissions from cellular telephones is the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH). With regard to the possible health effects of exposure to RF fields from cellular telephones the FDA issued a "Talk Paper" in 1993. In this statement the FDA said that it did not have enough information at present to rule out the possibility of risk, but if such a risk did exist "it is probably small." The FDA concluded that there is no proof that cellular telephones can be harmful, but if individuals remain concerned several precautionary actions could be taken. These included limiting the time of conversations on cellular telephones to those that are essential and making greater use of telephones with vehicle-mounted antennas where there is a greater distance between the user and the radiating structure. In addition to the FDA, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has been investigating the issue of health effects of electromagnetic fields, including RF frequencies. The EPA has established a "hot line" for answering question from the public on this issue. The number is 1-800-363-2383. REFERENCES (1) American National Standards Institute, New York, NY. "American National Standard Safety Levels with Respect to Human Exposure to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields, 300 kHz to 100 GHz," (ANSI C95.1-1982). (2) Balzano Q., Garay O., and F.R. Steel (1978). "Energy Deposition In Simulated Human Operators of 800-MHz Portable Transmitters.'" IEEE Trans. Veh. Tech. VT-27(4):174. (3) Chatterjee I., Gu Y., and O.P. Gandhi (1985). "Quantification of Electromagnetic Absorption in Humans from Body-Mounted Communication Transceivers." IEEE Trans. Veh. Tech. VT- 34(2):55-62. (4) Cleveland, Jr. R.F., and T.W. Athey (1989). "Specific Absorption Rate in Models of the Human Head Exposed to Hand-Held UHF Portable Radios." Bioelectromagnetics 10:173. (5) Federal Communications Commission (FCC), Washington, D.C. (1987). Second Report and Order, Gen. Docket 79-144, 52 Federal Register 13240. (6) Federal Communications Commission (FCC), Washington, D.C. (1993). Notice of Proposed Rule Making. ET Docket 93-62, 58 Federal Register 19393. 4 (7) Guy, A.W., and C.K. Chou (1986). "Specific Absorption Rates of Energy in Man Models Exposed to ' Cellular UHF-mobile-antenna Fields." IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory and Tech., MTT-34(6): 671. (8) Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE), New York, NY. "IEEE ' Standard for Safety Levels With Respect to Human Exposure to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields, 3 kHz to 300 GHz," (IEEE C95.1-1991). Adopted by American National Standards Institute as ANSI/IEEE C95.1-1992. Information: 1-(800)-678-IEEE. (9) Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE), Washington, D.C., U.S. Activities Board, Entity Position Statement (1992). `Human Exposure to RF Emissions from Cellular Radio Base Station Antennas." (10) Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE), Washington, D.C., U.S. Activities Board, Entity Position Statement (1992): 'Human Exposure to Radiofrequency Fields from Portable and Mobile Telephones and Other Communications Devices." (11) International Radiation Protection Association, (IRPA), "Guidelines on Limits of Exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields in the Frequency Range from 100 kHz to 300 Ghz." Health Physics 54:1, pp. 115-123(1988). (12) National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP), Bethesda, MD. 'Biological Effects and Exposure Criteria for Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields," NCRP Report No. 86 (1986). Information: NCRP Publications, (301) 657-2652. (13) Petersen, R.C. and P.A. Testagrossa (1992). "Radio-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields Associated With Cellular-Radio Cell-Site Antennas." Bioelectromagnetics 13: 527. (14) Stuchly S.S., et al. (1985). "Energy Deposition in a Model of Man in the Near Field." Bioelectromagnetics 6: 115-129. (15) U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, MD 20857. "FDA Talk Paper, Update on Cellular Phones." February 4, 1993. 5 a ? SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING ? INFORMATION '.' ...e...... , FACT SHEET 4- ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY ASSOCIATION FACT SHEET NO. 1 UNDERSTANDING ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY The most familiar form of electro- magnetic energy is sunlight. properties, life as we know it would be impossible. But modern scientific research has broadened our under- standing of other forms of electromag- netic energy as well, and has discov- ered dozens of ways to harness them for our benefit. Today's technological applications are paving the way for even more sophisticated break- throughs in the fields of health care, agriculture, manufacturing, education and communications. Many modern conveniences and space age innovations use or produce electromagnetic energy. Familiar examples include electric lighting and appliances; computers, video display terminals (VDTs] and microwave ovens; radios, TVs and mobile phones; broadcast stations, surveillance systems and communications satellites. Key Concepts and Definitions Electric and magnetic fields can move through empty space and various other media, including air. These fields are generated whenever electricity flows, whether the electricity is man-made or produced in nature. All electrical devices-industrial, commercial and residential-generate electromagnetic fields when they operate. These fields can be detected and measured with the proper scien- tific equipment. Some equipment, like radio and television transmitters, arc designed specifically to produce electromagnetic fields. Others, like the VDT, produce small fields only inciden- tally near the device. Some electromagnetic fields are confined and can only be detected close to their source; others are detectable at great distances. These fields PROPAGATE or travel through the atmosphere as electromagnetic WAVES. ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES can be categorized according to their length (WAVELENGTH), the rate at which they are produced (FRE- QUENCY) and their energy level (AMPLITUDE). FREQUENCY is a measure of the rate at which electromagnetic waves are generated. Frequency is measured in cycles per second, called hertz (Hz) after the German scientist who first discovered radio waves. (1 Hz equals one cycle per second.) The field around power lines, for example, is predominantly 60 Hz. Radio wave frequencies range from 300 Hz to billions of hertz. Electromagnetic waves with similar frequencies can be grouped together. These groupings form the ELECTRO- MAGNETIC SPECTRUM, with low- frequency waves (sometimes called ELF for "extremely low frequencies") at one end and high-frequency waves at the other. Radio waves, microwaves and infrared light can be found at the lower end of the spectrum. Ultraviolet light, X-rays and gamma rays occupv (fie upper end. Visible light, including sunlight, occupies the middle region. (See diagram, page 2). Electromagnetic waves act as wireless conductors of energy. Gamma rays and other forms of electromag- netic energy at the upper end of the spectrum can break the internal bonds of atoms and molecules, creating charged particles called "ions." This radiation is known as IONIZING. Radiowaves, microwaves and other forms at the lower end of the spectrum cannot alter the bonds of molecules or atoms. These forms of electromagnetic energy cannot create ions and, accord- ingly, are known as NON-IONIZING. The energy level of an electromag- netic field decreases rapidly with the distance from the source. The level is further decreased by natural or man- made objects in its path. Applications and Uses Since scientists first discovered the fundamental characteristics of electro- magnetic energy in the last half of the nineteenth century, they have found hundreds of ways to take advantage of it. The fact that electromagnetic energy can travel through space without a conducting medium has made it one of the important tools of modern techno- logical society. The ability to precisely control frequency in transmission and recep- tion of radio waves has given rise to AM/FM radio, television, CBs, walkie- talkics. amateur radio, shortwave and ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM FREQUENCY (Hz) WAVELENGTH (m) We are familiar with the term FREQUENCY from radio and television. Their frequencies occupy only a tiny portion of the spectrum. In fact, a radio dial is nothing more than a representation of the portion (band) that the radio is capable of detecting. The various bands are given designated names; a few, shown above, include ELF and VLF for extremely- and very- low frequency, respectively. other modes of communication. Microwaves are used in the transmission of telephone and tele- graph messages, in communications between earth and orbiting satellites, and in relaying certain television broadcast signals. The ability of microwave energy to heat materials evenly is used in microwave ovens in the home and in dozens of heating and sealing applica- tions in industry-to mold plastics, glue wood products, seal shoes and process certain foods, for example. The predictable reflective proper- ties of radar waves allow sophisticated instruments to scan the atmosphere and to detect the presence and identity of objects in the sky. Industry is rapidly moving toward the production of three-dimensional radar systems. These capabilities are extremely important in strategic defense and modern weather forecasting. Medical researchers have had encouraging success using pulsed radio-frequency (RF) energy to heal bone fractures. New findings reveal that it may also be used to speed the healing of flesh wounds and the regeneration of nerve tissue, and ultimately to reduce the size of cancer- ous tumors. Radiofrequency imaging may soon replace X-rays in some biomedical applications. Use of non-ionizing electromag- netic energy has revolutionized life in the 20th Century. Continued public appreciation of its benefits and its untapped potential-is an increasingly important catalyst to the scientific and technical research that is underway. Tne Eiearomoone!ic Energy Association u a non prof,! association of manufacturers and users of electrical and electronic systems EEA deveioos educational programs, sponso-s research and o&ocaies rc:,onol sc,ence-bosea exposure standards on the production and use ai non-ionizing electromcane: c energy This Foc! Sheet Series ,:. part a' .!s program to increase public and government awareness of the importance of non ionizing elect romagnetic energy Uni,mred reproduction of this material u granted, please cred,: EEA as the source This and other Fact Sheets on non ionizing electromagnetic energy issue; are avaiiobie a• .cst Conioc! EEA 1255 Twenty lhrd S7ree:. NbY. Woshmc:on DC 2003.' i i %e. Phone 202/452 1070 NON-IONIZING ENERGY IONIZING ENERGY FACT SHEET ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY ASSOCIATION FACT SHEET NO.7 WHAT IS MICROWAVE RADIO? ' he term "microwave" is the name given to a small portion of the entire ITelectromagneticspectrum. The ' electromagnetic spectrum is the range of some characteristic of electromagnetic waves and is usually arranged in sequential order of that characteristic, for example frequency or wavelength. (See EEA Fact Sheet #1.) In order of increasinglire- quency, the electromagnetic spectrum contains radiowaves, infrared radiation, visible radiation (light), ultraviolet radia- tion and, at much higher frequencies, the more energetic forms of radiation, for ex- ample, X-rays and cosmic radiation. The microwave region lies in the upper part of what is generally known as the radiofre- quency portion of the spectrum and be- low the infrared region. The term "micro- wave" is, thus, the nomenclature fora par- ticular region of the electromagnetic spec- trum, ie, high-frequency mdiowaves. These radiowaves are not unique.. The only difference between them and infrared radiation or light, etc, is the frequency. There are different definitions of the "microwave band" of frequencies. For ex- ample, the Federal Communications Com- mission (FCC) considers the lower end of the microwave band to start at a frequency of 890 million cycles per second, or 890 megahertz (MHz); The Institute of Electri- and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) con- iders the microwave frequencies to st art 1 atapproximately 1000 MHz. Others con- ider microwaves as the frequency band trending from 300 MHz to 300 billion des per second, or 300 gigahertz (GHz). In accordance with the last definition, ex- lmplcs of microwave technology, include certain conventional mobile radiotele- phones, all cellular radio-telephones, all television broadcast channels above chan- nel 13, satellite communications systems, certain walkie talkies, circuits for high- speed computers, almost all radars, certain navigational systems, point-to-point micro- wave radio, certain anti-theft detectors and intrusion alarms, certain amateur radio sys- tems, certain diathermy units, local area networks in offices for communicating be- tween computers, plus countless other fa- miliar products and devices including mi- crowave ovens. The fast person of record who inten- donallygenerated electromagnetic energy at microwave frequencies was H.LL Hertz who, during the latter part of the 19th cen- tury, carried out eWriments to confirm the existence of electromagnetic waves as postulated byJames Clerk Maxwell some 30 years earlier r't. By 1900 experimenters had generated frequencies above 15 GHz and by 1920 frequencies above 3700 GHz. These experiments, however, produced energy at low levels and could not be con- trolled readily. Major breakthroughs and developments in microwave technology occurred during Word War II as means were sought for generating the higher fre- quencies necessary for the development of smaller radars for installation in air- planes, and for the improvement of the resolution of existing search and fire-con- trol radars. Microwave Radio Relay A characteristic of electromagnetic propa- gation is that at sufficiently high frequen- cies, energy can be delivered in a narrow, well-collimated beam from an antenna of reasonable size. By taking advantage of this characteristic, radio systems can be designed to propagate signals from point- to-point very efficiently. One of the fast uses envisioned for a system such as this was as a replacement for the wire-pairs and cables used for the transmission of long distance telephone traffic . In 1931, the fast microwave (called "microray" at the time) radio link for tele- phone traffic was established between Do- ver, England and Calais, France 01. A few years later, Bell laboratories established microwave radio links between buildings in New York. Although work was carried out at Bell laboratories in the late 1930's toward the development of microwave ra- dio relay systems to be used for long dis- tance telephone traffic, most of the work was sidetracked by the war effort Toward the end of the war, work on microwave ra- dio resumed at Bell Laboratories and many other companies, and in 1947 the first point-to-point microwave radio relay system went into service between Boston and New York City. By 1951 the first coast- to-coast system went into operation. The system is referred to as "radio re- lay" because radio signals are received, am- plified and retransmitted (relayed) from station to station in a straight line-of-sight path. That is, the stations form a chain with each station receiving, amplifying and retransmitting the signal to the next sta- tion. For long distance telephone traffic the stations are usually located 20.30 miles apart; for other services the stations may be much closer. A typical station would consist of 2 small building, or a room, that houses the radio receivers, transmitters, and the necessary switching equipment. The receivers and transmitters are con- nected to antennas, sometimes in the shape of a dish, located on a tower, on a roof or on the side of a building. Some- times a single antenna is used for both transmitting and receiving. Many times separate transmitting and receiving anten- nas are used and frequently two receiving antennas located atd Errnt heights are used By 1980 there were approximately 22,000 licensed microwave-radio stations in the U.S. and, presently, there are well over a hundred thousand. Microwave re- lay systems range from small privately owned systems to large networks such as those operated by the telephone compa- nies. A small station may have a single re- ceiver and transmitter. A large station may have several hundred receivers and trans- mitters plus a number of antennas. Micro- wave radio is used not only by telephone companies for transmission of voice and data, but is used extensively by corpora- tions, the federal government, municipal governments, schools, television broad- cast stations, utilities, hospitals, and wher- ever a need exists for a private commud- cation or data link. One merely has to look at the number of "dish" antennas on the roofs of buildings in various metropoli- tan arras to realize the ubiquity of micro- wave radio. Environmental Levels Near Microwave Radio-Relay Installations In spite of the number of microwave relay stations in operation, exposure of the pub- lic and the worker to microwave energy is practically negligible. This is because mi- crowave radio operates at very low power levels when compared with other, more familiar types of radio services. The out- put power of a typical transmitter used for microwave radio is a few watts or less, similar to that of a citizens band (CB) or cellular mobile radio. Even when a num- ber of transmitters are coupled to a single antenna, the total radiated power is well below 100 watts and, in many cases, is less than one watt. Moreover, propagation from specially designed antennas is in a very narrow or focused beam, similar to that of a searchlight. In order for the sys- tem to function properly, a clear, unob- structed lint{Of sight path must exist be- tween the transmitting antenna located at one station and the receiving antenna at the next. 'fhus, buildings, homes, and hence, people cannot be located in the path of the beam near the transmitting antenna During the late 1970s and early 1980s measurements made in the vicinity of a large number of "microwave towers" and on the rooftops of buildings near micro- wave antennas indicated that with few ex- ceptions (the exception being locations di- rectly under the beam path near the base of a microwave toweror directly below a roof mounted antenna), the levels of elec- tromagnetic energy to which the public is exposed are not distinguishable from the reported ambient background of approxi- mately 0.005 millionths of a watt per square centimeter (0.005 µW/cm2)[2,31. Even in the exceptional uses the mea- sured levels of microwave energy were found to be thousands of times below ex- posure limits commonly used in the U.S., such as those developed by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) [4), IEEE [51, and the National Committee on Radiation Protecltion (NCRP) [61; and be- low commonly used international stan- dards such as those proposed by the Inter- national Radiation Protection Association's International Non-Ionizing Committee (IRPA/INIRC)171; and, in fact, were found to be lower than any exposure limits used anywhere. Because of the low power used, even the maximum levels directly in front of most antennas used for micro- wave radio are substantially below the safe exposure limits adopted in the U.S. to pro- tect the public and the workers. i Conclusion With respect to exposure to electromag- netic energy from microwave radio, the conclusions reached by the FCC are ap- propriate. When implementing the Na- tional Environmental Policy Act regarding potentially hazardous radiofrequency (RF) radiation from radio services which it regu- lates, the FCC categorically excluded mi- The Electromagnetic Energy Association is a non-profit association of manufacturers and users of eiectricol and electronic systems. EEA develops educational programs. sponsors research and advocates rational. science-based exposure standards on the production and use of non-ionizing electromagnetic energy. This Foci Sheet Series is port of its program to increase public and government awareness of the importance of non-ionizing electromagnetic energy. Unlimited reproduction of this material is granted: please credit EEA as the source. This and other Fact Sheets on non-ionizing electromagnetic energy issues are available at cost. Contact: EEA, 1255 Twenty- Third Streei. NW. Washington, DC 20037.1174; Phone: 202/452 1070. crowave radio from hazard analyses be- cause "individually or cumulatively theydo not have a significant effect on the quality of die human environment" 181. Re erences I. E.F. O'Neill (Ed.), A History of Engi- neet ng and science in the Bell System - Transmission Technology (1925-1975), AT&T Technologies, Indianapolis, IN. (1985) 2. R.C. Petersen, "Levels of Electromag- netic Energy in the Vicinity of Representative Microwave Relay Towers," In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Commu- nications-Boston, MA, Qune 10=14,1979), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engi- neers, NY. (1979) 3. R.C. Petersen, "Electromagnetic Ra- diation from Selected Telecommunications Systems," Proceedings of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Vol. 68, No. 1. (1980) 4. American National Standards Insti- tute, Safety Levels with Respect to Human Exposure to Radio Frequency Eleammag netic Fields, app MHz to i 0o GHz, ANSI C95.1-1991, American National Standards in- stitute, New York, NY. (1991) 5. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Transnational Standard, Safety Levels witb Respect to Human Exposure to Radio FrWuency Electromagnetic Fields, 3 kHz10300GHz, C95.1-1991, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Piscataway, NJ. (1992) 6. National Committee on Radiation Pro- tection, Biological Effects and Expolsure0 teria for Radio/i equency Elec- tromagnetic Fields, NCRP Report No. 86, National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, Bethesda, MD. (1986) 7. International Radiation Protection As- sociation International Non-Ionizing Com- mittee, "Interim Guidelines on limits of Ex- posure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields in the Frequency Range from 100 kHz to 300 GH7," Health Physics, Vol. 46, No. 4. (1984) 8. Action by the Commission, February 12, 1987, by Second Report and Order (FCC 87.63), and Third Notice of Proposed Rule- making (FCC 87-(A). General Docket No. 79-144. ¦ 1993 Bioelectromagnetics 13:527-542 (1992) Radio-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields ' Associated With Cellular-Radio Cell-Site Antennas R.C. Petersen and P.A. Testa9rossa Radiation Protection Department. AT&T Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill. New Jersey ' Because of a heightened public awareness of issues pertaining to the use of electromag- netic energy, concurrent with a rapid growth of the cellular telephone industry, a study was initiated to characterize the electromagnetic environment associated with typical cell- site antennas. In particular. the radio-frequency electromagnetic (RF) fields in the vicinity of several antenna towers. ranging in height from 46-82 m, were characterized by mea- surement. In all cases, the antennas were omnidirectional co-linear arrays. The maximal power densities considered representative of public exposure were found to be less than 100 µW/m= (10 nW/cm-) per radio channel. Comparison of measured values with the corresponding values that were calculated from the free-space transmission formula in- dicated that the analytical technique is conservative (i.e.. overestimates field levels). The measured and corresponding analytical values were found to be well below accepted ' exposure limits even when extrapolated to simultaneous and continuous operation of the maximal number of transmitters that would be expected to be installed at a cell-site. Additional measurements were made in the near field of the same antenna type in a roof- mounted configuration. At a distance of 0.7 m from the antenna. the maximal power density ' in the main beam was found to be less than 30 W/m= (3 mW/cm') when normalized to sixteen radio channels (the maximal number used on a single antenna) and less than 30 m W/m' (3 p W/m=) at 70 m. In all cases. the effective radiated power (ERP) by each radio channel was 100 W referenced to a half-wave dipole. This paper describes the instrumen- tation and measurement techniques used for this study and provides a summary of the results. 1993 Wiley-Lis.. Inc. Key words: microwave, cellular-radio, potential exposure, electromagnetic environment INTRODUCTION Unlike conventional mobile radio-telephone systems by which a large service area is uniformly covered by a few radio channels, cellular radio, which operates in the 800-900 MHz band, offers enhanced service by dividing a service area into ' smaller areas, called cells, and reusing frequencies in nonadjacent cells. Each cell, with its own base station or cell-site, provides the radio interface between the system and the mobile units. The cell-site consists of the antennas. radios. and switching ' Received for review January 10. 1992: revision received May 4. 1992. Address reprint requests to R.C. Petersen. AT&T Bell Laboratories. Room I F-101 C. Murray Hill. N1 07974. 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc. I K) 528 Petersen and Testagrossa equipment necessary for connecting mobile units within the cell to the rest of the network. The cells are connected, typically by land line or microwave radio. to a mobile telephone switch office. which is connected to the telephone network. The system tracks each active mobile or portable unit within each cell and sets up a call as soon as it is requested. As the mobile unit travels from one cell to another. the system automatically "hands off' the call to the next cell without perceptible in- terruption. Because the system uses frequency modulation (FM) and operates at low power levels. the same frequencies may be reused in nonadjacent cells, thereby increasing the capacity of the system. Further, as the system expands, the cells may be subdivided and the capacity increased even more. Because of user acceptance. systems in most areas are currently undergoing major expansion, and as a result cells are being subdivided, particularly in suburban areas. This need for additional cell sites, with the concomitant antenna structures becoming more prominent within communities. has led to an increase in public concern about exposure to the elec- tromagnetic fields from these antennas. Although there are several different systems currently in use or being installed in the US, for purposes of this study the differences are relatively unimportant. For example, while one system may have a capacity of 72 transmitters at a cell site and another system 96. the measurement results presented here have been normalized on a per channel basis. (Although the term channel usually refers to a specific, narrow band of frequencies, there is an individual transmitter for each channel and, there- fore, the terms channel and transmitter will be used interchangeably.) Also, few, if any. cell-sites operate anywhere near capacity or have the maximal number of radios installed. For purposes of illustration, a system with a maximum of 96 trans- mitters will be described as a worst-case scenario. A start-up cell, with a typical radius of 12-16 km, is usually serviced by omnidirectional (in the horizontal plane) antennas located at the center of the cell. These antennas are co-linear arrays approximately 4 m in overall length. The gain is typically 9 or 10 dB over a half-wave dipole. A maximum of 16 transmitters may be connected to a single antenna. The output power of each transmitter is such that the per channel effective radiated power (ERP)-that is, the product of the antenna input power and the antenna gain-is 100 W or less. Thus, the actual level of ra- diation is of the order of 10 W per channel. The cell-site transmitter frequencies are between approximately 869 and 894 MHz, depending on the frequency plan used. (The frequencies of mobile units are between 824 and 850 MHz.) The antennas may be mounted on towers, rooftops, water tanks or any other structure that provides the necessary height. Frequently, freestanding towers (mono- poles) approximately 45 m tall are used. The antennas are normally installed on a triangular platform that is mounted in the horizontal plane at the top of the tower. Each face of the platform is approximately 3 m long. The transmitting antennas are usually mounted above the platform, the receiving antennas below. Up to seven transmitting antennas can be installed, one of which is connected to a lower power transmitter called the setup (or paging) transmitter (channel). which is used for location and sq_,naling. Thus. up to 96 voice channels may be accommodated using this con- figuration. When the cells are divided, directional antennas are usually used. These an- tennas, which are rectangular shaped, approximately 0.6 m wide and 1.2 m high with a gain of approximately 8-12 dB (depending on the antenna), are usually mounted RF Electromagnetic Fields and Cell-Site Antennas 529 1 to the faces of the triangular platform at the top of towers or on the sides of build- ings, water tanks, and similar structures. A fully expanded cell-site utilizing directional antennas (usually referred to as sector antennas) could have two transmittine an- tennas on each platform face (each with up to 16 radio transmitters) and two re- ceiving antennas. An omnidirectional antenna is usually used for the setup (paging) channel and one or two omnidirectional antennas for the setup receivers. To pre- vent interference with remote cells using the same frequencies. the sector anten- nas are sometimes slightly downtilted and/or the transmitter power is reduced. Thus. the maximal number of radios transmitting in any specific direction for the sector configuration is 32 along the axis of the antenna and up to 64 where the patterns of two antennas overlap. ' The purpose of this study is to document the potential levels of exposure to radio-frequency energy in the vicinity of typical cellular installations including tower- and roof-mounted antennas. The results of the measurements made near the base of typical towers indicate that theoretical methods commonly used for estimating the upper bound of the power density [Shinn. 1976: Stuchly. 1977: NCRP. 19811. at ground level for example. are conservative. The results of the rooftop measure- ments provide insight into expected levels in the near-field of typical omnidirec- tional antennas used for cellular service. TOWER-MOUNTED ANTENNA MEASUREMENTS Cell-site antennas may be mounted on freestanding towers. either lattice type (constructed of crossed structural-steel members) or monopoles (a tapered steel ' column, circular in cross-section), guyed towers. (towers supported by steel cables). water tanks, chimneys, the sides of buildings, rooftops, or similar structures of sufficient elevation to provide adequate cell coverage. The height of the antennas is important in that they must be sufficiently high to provide adequate coverage, but cannot be excessively high or interference with remote cells may occur. Com- monly used ground-mounted masts (monopoles) range in height from less than 12 m to over 45 m, with 45 m being common. Lattice-type towers can be as high as 85 m, or even higher. In this study. the electric-field strength was measured near the base of two typical monopoles (45 m and 50 m) and two lattice towers (66 m and 83 m). In each case, the transmitting antennas were omnidirectional co-linear ' arrays with a gain of 9 or 10 dB relative to that of a half-wave dipole (Decibel Products DB809. DB810. or equivalent). The nominal ERP per channel was 100 W. The vertical, far-field radiation pattern of a typical omnidirectional cell-site antenna is ' shown in Figure I. The test antenna used for the measurements was either a tunable dipole (Electrometrics TDS-25-2) or a conical log-spiral antenna (Singer Stoddart 934901- ( or 93491-2). The Singer Stoddart (SS) 93491-2. which is normally used for fre- quencies between l and 10 GHz, was calibrated in a known linearly polarized field at 880 MHz and was preferred over the physically larger lower frequency (0.2 to 1 GHz) antenna (SS 934901-1). The majority of the measurements, however, were ' made with the tuned dipole. In all cases. the antenna was mounted on a wooden tripod at a height of approximately 2 m. The antenna cable was either 6.1 or 12.2 m of Storm Products Co., Series 90 flexible coaxial cable with a measured loss of ' 1.2 and 2.4 dB. respectively, at 880 MHz. 530 Petersen and Testagrossa 90' DIPOLE REFERENCE SMOOTHED ENVELOPE 270° Fig I. Typical 10-dB co-linear array vertical radiation antenna pattern used for cellular service. The vertical radiation pattern of the reference half-wave dipole is shown for comparison purposes as is the smoothed gain envelope commonly used when estimating exposure levels analytically. The output of the test antenna was coupled to either a Hewlett-Packard (HP) 141 T/855213/8555A Spectrum Analyzer, an HP 8590A Spectrum Analyzer with an H-20 Counter Lock System. or a Singer Stoddart 37/57 Field Strength Meter. An HP 5343 Microwave Frequency Counter was used with the field-strength meter to provide a digital frequency readout. Occasionally. the measurements were made with both the spectrum analyzer (to locate active channels in real time) and the field strength meter (to measure the signal). In these instances, a 10-dB directional coupler was used to connect the test antenna to both instruments. Initially, the field strength meter was the instrument of choice for actually measuring the test-antenna output volt- age, and the spectrum analyzer was the instrument of choice for identifying active channels. However, after numerous measured results obtained with each of the spectrum analyzers and the field strength meter were compared and found to be repeatable within approximately ±I dB, the HP 8590A/H-20 system was used ex- clusively because of its portability and advanced features. This facilitated the measurement process because the scanwidth could be set to correspond to the block of frequencies used by the particular cellular telephone company (e.g.. 880 to 890 MHz) and all active channels could be displayed and measured simultaneously. Also, this system capability of producing hard copy of the frequency/power spectra elimi- nated the need for manually recording the amplitude of as many as 14 channels at a single measurement point. The spectrum analyzers and field strength meters are part of an automated data collection system installed in a mobile measurement van. This system can be pro- grammed to scan over any desired band of frequencies between 10 kHz and I GHz. The antenna factors for the test antennas are stored in the software and the displayed RF Electromagnetic Fields and Cell-Site Antennas 531 data is the actual field strength of the incident fields. The van could not be used. however, because the selection criteria.(e.g.. flat. open accessible areas) limited the sites to towers located in fields. pastures. and other areas that were generally inac- cessible to vehicular traffic. This restriction prohibited the direct use of the auto- mated system: the spectrum analyzer, frequency counter and printer, or the field-strength meter and counter were removed from the van and operated manu- ally. The AC power supply in the van was connected to the test equipment via a 60 m length of power cord. An advantage of this procedure is that it removed a large reflecting surface (the van) from the immediate vicinity of the test antenna, therebv minimizing a potential source of multipath interference. A disadvantage was the loss of automated data-collection capability. Even though the output of the spec- trum analyzer could be stored for future analysis, or processed at the time of mea- surement by a personal computer (PC), there were practical limits to the amount ' of equipment that could be manually transported across fields and uneven terrain. As a result. the system most frequently used consisted of the HP (8590/H-20) spectrum analyzer, an HP 5386A Frequency Counter. a small printer, and the tuned dipole antenna. Measurements were generally made at 3.05 m ( 10 ft) intervals along a radial extending from the fence that usually surrounds the tower and equipment building to the farthest practical distance. At each location, the test antenna was rotated to 1 produce a maximal signal condition. Normally, measurements such as these require three orthoeonal measurements [Tell and Mantiply. 1980: ANSI. 19811. In this case. however, the polarization of the transmitting antenna was known and rotation of ' the test antenna in the vertical plane of the radial along which the measurements were being made was usually sufficient to quickly yield a maximum. The maxi- mum generally occurred when the dipole axis was approximately perpendicular to ' a radial between the transmitting antenna and the test antenna or when the axis of the conical log-spiral antenna was parallel to the same radial. The 3 dB beamwidth of the test antennas was sufficiently broad that orientation was not crucial. Once a maximum was obtained, the display data were downloaded to the printer ' and the location (distance) was recorded on the hard copy. The hard copy depicted the power spectra of all transmissions within the scanned band. The test antenna was then moved to the next location and the process repeated. The goal was to measure ' as many different channels as possible at each measurement point to average the effects of multipath interference and the frequency dependence of the side-lobe structure of the transmitting antenna. In some cases (e.g., service areas where cel- lular traffic density was low) only a few channels (including the setup channel) were active at any given time, regardless of how long one waited. In other cases, ten or twelve channels were usually active. The electric-field strength N (in dB relative to I pV/m) was obtained from ' N=CL +AF +P+107 when the spectrum analyzer was used, and from ' N=C, +AF +NF when the field strength meter was used. CL is the cable loss and AFis the antenna 1 factor (both in dB). P is the power measured at the input terminals of the spectrum 532 Petersen and Testagrossa analyzer (in dBm ). 107 is a constant of proportionality (for a 50 ohm system) between power expressed in dBm and voltage in dBpV. and N. is the voltage measured at the input terminals of the field-strength meter (in dB relative to I pV/m). Plane wave conditions prevailed at each measurement point and the corresponding power density. S. for each of the separate channels was obtained from the relationship between the wave impedance (377 Q ) and the square of the electric field strength. that is. S= E'1377 W/m' The arithmetic mean of the power density for the total number of channels measured at each point (including the setup channel) was obtained, and these re- sults are shown in Figures 2-5. The measured power density of each channel is depicted by solid circles and the per channel mean value by the solid line. The vertical lines drawn from the lowest to the highest power density measured at each point indicate the range of the data. As can be seen in the figures. the difference between the lowest measured level and the highest at times exceeds 10 dB. particularly in the nulls. The ERP of each voice channel was usually the same (i.e.. 100 W), and the ERP of the setup channel was typically 50 W. (The lowest value at each measurement point is usually the setup channel. which transmits continuously and was always measured.) The differences in signal strengths of the different channels can be attributed to the frequency dependence of the antenna 100 E 10 3 z d 0 d 3 0 1 CL 0.1 10 20 30 40 so 60 70 so 90 100 Distance From Base of Tower (m) Fig. '_. !Mean power density per channel measured 2 m above grade along a radial extending from the base of a monopole-type cellular antenna tower 46 m hiLh. The maximal measured value for a single channel is approximately 80 pW/m=, which occurs 26 m from the base of the mast. Each solid circle is the measured value of a discrete radio channel. RF Electromagnetic Fields and Cell-Site Antennas 1000 100 F N - E ac 10 l d F 3 a. r E 1F r 0.1 = 0 'ril '+ iNl Antenna Height = 51 m 533 I 50 100 150 200 250 Distance From Base of Tower (m) Fie. 3. Mean power density per channel measured 2 m above Grade alone a radial extendine from the base of a monopole type cellular antenna tower 51 m high. The maximal measured value for a sinele channel is approximately 500µW/m-. which occurs approximately 12 m from the base of the tower and approximately I m from the surrounding fence. At points removed from reflecting surfaces. the maximal ' measured value is less than 100 µW/m=. Each solid circle is the measured value for a discrete radio channel. radiation pattern, particularly at angles at which the lobes are relatively narrow and the nulls deep, and to the effects of multipath interference. With the exception of the 200-500 µW/m= values measured at a distance of ' approximately 10 m from the 51 m monopole (Fig. 3), the maximal power density per channel was found to be about 100 µW/m= or less. for all four towers. The 500 µW/m= value shown in Figure 3 was measured approximately I m from the chain- link fence surrounding the facility and approximately 3 m from nearby parked au- tomobiles, and could be due to multipath interference. Measurements made within I m from a similar fence approximately 100 m from the tower did not produce similar high readings. Initially, more convenient measurement techniques were evaluated-that is. techniques that did not require manually moving AC operated equipment across fields and pastures. For example, the per-channel mean shown in Figure 5 for distances ' between 25 and 80 m was obtained using a Holaday Industries (HI) Model HI 3001 Broadband Isotropic Field-strength Meter with a high-sensitivity electric-field probe (Model HSE). The minimal discernible level of the HI 3001/HSE is about 300 µW/ ' m=. For these measurements, the probe was set at a height of approximately 2 m and a tuned dipole, connected to a spectrum analyzer via 12.2 m of cable (Storm Series 90), was positioned at the same height about l m from the HSE probe. The 534 100 N E 3 d 0 d 3 0 Q. 10 0.1 0.01 Petersen and Testagrossa Distance From Base of Tower (m) Fig. 4. Mean power density per channel measured ? m above grade along a radial extending from the base of a lattice-type cellular antenna tower 66 m high. The maximal measured value for a single channel is less than 35 pW/m . which occurs 65 m from the center of the base of the tower. Each solid circle is the measured value for a discrete radio channel. scanwidth of the spectrum analyzer was adjusted to display the block of transmit- ter frequencies used at that site. Simultaneous measurements were made with the broadband instrument and the spectrum analyzer. The total power density of all cellular channels active at the time of measurement was computed as above and compared with the corresponding reading that was indicated on the broadband instrument. The difference was considered the local background in the absence of the cell-site trans- missions. This procedure was repeated at several locations to determine the rela- tive variability of the electromagnetic background, which was found to be relatively constant. From the first measurement point, the broadband probe was moved in increments of approximately 3 m along a prescribed radial and a measurement was made at each point. Simultaneously, the spectrum analyzer and dipole, which were not moved, were used to count the number of active transmitting channels. The temporal and spatial characteristics of the electromagnetic background were assumed to remain constant. The data in the figure correspond to the reading indicated by the broadband instrument, minus the value considered background (as obtained from the procedure described above), divided by the number of active transmitting channels. This technique works satisfactorily provided the signal levels are of the order of 300-500 pW/m=, or greater, and the spatial and temporal characteristics of the electromagnetic background are relatively constant. Other broadband techniques that were tried included the use of the Holaday 3001/HSE instrument with a datalogger (a device that samples the recorder output D 5o 100 150 RF Electromagnetic Fields and Cell-Site Antennas N E s m c c to L U a+ a _T N C d t] d 3 0 a d cc d a ANTENNA HEIGHT = 82 m i CALCULATED i IT MEASURED l 535 1000 100 10 0.1 iuu 200 300 400 500 600 Distance from Base of Tower (m) Fig. 5. Mean power density per channel measured 2 m above grade alone a radial extending from the base of a lattice-type cellular antenna tower 82 m high. The maximal measured value for a single channel is approximately 80µw/m=. which occurs 60 m from the center of the base of the tower. Each solid circle is the measured value for a discrete radio channel. Also shown are the corresponding values obtained from the free-space transmission formula using the smoothed antenna pattern and the assumption of perfect ground reflection. of the electric-field probe at a rate of once per second and stores the data for off- loading into a PC for analysis and graphical display). In this case, the averaging time of the datalogger was set equal to the sampling rate (once per second) and the surveyor walked at a constant pace along a radial from the base of the tower to as far as practical. The measured path length and the corresponding number of frames recorded by the datalogger as the path was transversed were used to obtain the spatial distribution of the fields along the path. This process was conducted several times along one path, first in one direction. then in the opposite. and then the results were compared. Unfortunately, the measured levels were not much greater than the minimal discernible level of the instrument and artifactual data associated with electrical noise (resulting from cable flexure. etc.) yielded output data that were not repeat- able with sufficient accuracv to render this a useful technique. For purposes of comparison, the per-channel power density for the 82 m high antenna tower was calculated using the free-space transmission formula S _ PG 4,m- 2 where S is the power density in W/m=. P is the antenna input power in watts. G is the antenna gain (relative to an isotropic radiator) in the direction of interest, and r is the distance in meters from the antenna to the point in question. For this 536 Petersen and Testagrossa example, the radiation-pattern envelope (smoothed antenna pattern) shown in Figure l was used and perfect reflection from the ground was assumed. The latter increases the value predicted by the above equation by a factor of four times. An ERP of 100 W (the product of the antenna input power and the gain relative to that of a half- wave dipole, i.e.. 10 dB) was also assumed, resulting in an antenna input power of 10 W and an antenna gain. referenced to an isotropic radiator, of 12.15 dB. As can be seen in Figure 5, the above technique considerably overpredicts power- density levels, particularly in the regions of the nulls of the antenna pattern. This excess also has been found to be the case when similar measurements were made in the vicinity of microwave aperture-antennas [Petersen. 1979. 1980. In part. this excess can be attributed to the use of a smoothed antenna pattern (.see Fig. 1) for the analysis, in part to the assumed, perfect ground reflection, and in part to the particular site, which because of its height, may have been operating at an ERP below 100 W. (Unless lower power is used. the signals from antennas that are exception- ally high to clear local terrain can cause interference in remote cells that operate at the same frequencies.) For hazard assessment. however. the error associated with commonly used analytical techniques has always been found to be in the direction of conservatism. ROOFTOP ANTENNA MEASUREMENTS In many cases omnidirectional antennas are mounted on roofs of buildings. usually on parapets surrounding penthouses or equipment rooms. Frequently. the bottom of the radiating portion of the antenna is at head height for someone standing on the roof. and the question of exposure of such individuals becomes important. To address this issue in a pragmatic manner. measurements of the plane-wave-equivalent power den- sity were made in the near field and the far field of a typical cell-site antenna that was mounted on the flat roof of the AT&T Bell Laboratories location in Whippany, NJ. (See Fig. 6 for a physical layout of the roof and the grid used for the rooftop antenna measurements.) Two separate sets of measurements were made: measurements along thirteen vertical paths. each path parallel to the antenna axis. at distances from approxi- mately 0.7 m to 13.5 m from the antenna: measurements along radials in a horizontal plane through the center of the radiating portion of the antenna, and along radials in a horizontal plane approximately 0.15 m below the lowermost radiating element. The latter measurements were made at distances between approximately 15 and 55 m from the antenna. Near-Field Measurements The cell-site antenna was an omnidirectional (in the horizontal plane) co-linear array, with a gain of approximately 9 dB relative to that of a half-wave dipole (similar to Decibel Products DB809). The center of the radiating portion of the antenna was 4.4 m above the plane of the roof and the lower and upper ends of the radiating portion of the antenna were. respectively. 2.9 and 5.1 m above the same plane. The mea- surements were made with six or seven transmitters operating simultaneously. each at a different frequency between 880 and 890 MHz. Forward and reverse power levels were measured at each frequency with RF power meters and a bidirectional cou- pler located at the antenna input port. The measured data were normalized to cor- ' RF Electromagnetic Fields and Cell-Site Antennas 537 ' 14.3m 7.32m 7.32m . 7.32m 7.32m 7.32m . 7.32m Far-Field r Measurement ' ' Grid E ! Near-Field o Measurement ' f rid r- ----- -- --- - -- --- --- I cl , I dl I C I Walkway lal I EI I cl IFI I I I I I I I I Courtyard (Grade Level) I I t Fig. 6. Plane view of the roof and the grid used for rooftop measurements. The path marked "near- field" was used to make the measurements along 13 vertical cuts with a broadband probe. The paths separated by 7.32 m were used for the narrowband measurements, which were made at 1.83-m inter- vals along each path. ' respond to 16 transmitters, each with an ERP (relative to a half-wave dipole) of 100 W-that is, typical cell-site parameters. Several sets of measurements were made along vertical paths parallel to the antenna axis using a Narda Broadband Isotropic Radiation Monitor. Model 8316/ 8321. The Narda instrument was fixed to a horizontal dielectric support, approxi- mately 1 m in length, that could be raised and lowered along a vertical wooden mast approximately 5.5 m long. The axis of the probe handle was oriented horizontally with the sensing antennas closest to the cell-site antenna. The electronics package ' was located at the opposite end of the cross-piece. The mast was mounted to a moveable base. The vertical column had graduation marks every 0.15 m (6 inches), from top to bottom. Thus, the elevation of the probe could be repeatedly set at discrete known elevations referenced to the plane of the roof. The meter readings were obtained ' remotely with the aid of a 20X telescope. The measurements were made starting at the highest point (4.9 m) and the probe was sequentially lowered in 0.15 m in- crements. Zero-drift of the instrument was a problem even after the instrument was ' operated for a considerable time before data were taken. Because of this, zero-drift was checked at the lowermost measurement point of each traverse by quickly shielding the probe in copper foil. Any run where the drift was greater than 5 percent of full scale (100 mW/m=) was repeated. All measurements were made with either the 0- 2 or the 0-20 W/m=(0-0.2 or the 0-2 mW/cm=) scales. The results of these mea- surements are shown in Figures 7 and 8. As shown, the measured values have been 538 1.9 m 2.2 m 4 E 0 0 m 3 0 a Q t Q 2 1 0 10 20 0 10 20 0 10 0 10 0 5 0 5 10 Power Density (W/m2) Fig. 7. Measured power density along vertical cuts (0.7-2.2 m) in the near-field of a 9 dB co-linear array. The data were normalized to 16 transmitters. The radiating portion of the antenna starts approxi- mately at the bottom of the weather cover. Distance From Antenna 2.5m 2.8m 3.4m 4.3m 5.8m 7.4m 13.5m 5 4 E 0 0 m 3 0 .a Q L 07 d S 2 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 10 Power Density (W/tr12) Fig. 8. Measured power density along vertical cuts (2.5-13.5 m) in the near-field of a 9-dB co-linear array. The data were normalized to 16 transmitters. The radiating portion of the antenna starts approxi- mately at the bottom of the weather cover. - - - - - - Antenna Center line i I ----- ---- ---- ----- ----- ----- ----- Bottom of Weather Cover Petersen and Testagrossa Distance From Antenna 0.7 m 1.0 m 1.3 m 1.6 m 5 ' RF Electromagnetic Fields and Cell-Site Antennas 539 ' normalized to correspond to 16 transmitters, each operating at an ERP of 100 W relative to a half-wave dipole. As indicated in the figures, the maximal power density normalized to 16 trans- mitters is approximately 30 W/m'. This value occurs at points slightly above and slightly below the centerline of the radiating portion of the antenna. As the distance from the antenna increases, the peaks smooth somewhat as the main beam begins to form. Part of the smoothing can also be attributed to the lack of sensitivitv of ' the broadband probe at the greater distances. At head height (approximately 1.8 M) the power density for this mounting configuration is below I W/m'everywhere. ' Far-Field Measurements A second set of measurements was made at distances between approximately 15 and 55 meters from the same rooftop antenna. Rather than making the measure- ments along a single radial, a 7.32 x 1.83 m grid was laid out and measurements ' were made at each intersection (see Fig. 6). Two sets of measurements were made: the first set with the test antenna at a height of approximately 2 m above the roof level (i.e., approximately head height) the second set with the test antenna at a height ' of approximately 3.8 m (i.e., in the horizontal plane through the center of the ra- diating section of the antenna. or beam center). The measurements were made using a 1-10 GHz conical log-spiral antenna (Singer Stoddart Model 93491-2) and a Singer Stoddart Model 37/57 Field Strength Meter. The antenna was calibrated in a known, linearly polarized (vertical) field. As above. six or seven channels were operating, and the antenna input power at each frequency was determined from the forward and reflected powers measured with two power meters and a dual directional coupler located at the antenna input port. All measured data have been normalized to correspond to 16 radio channels, each operating at an ERP of 100 W relative to a half-wave dipole. The results of the measurements made at a height of approximately 2 m are ' shown in Figure 9. Also shown are a few of the corresponding near-field values, measured as described above by the broadband probe (from Figs. 7 and 8). The solid 0.1 N E 0.01 Z" 0 m 0 0.001 ' o CL ' 0.001 Broadband Measurements Narrowband Measurements o - Calculated from Antenna Far-field Radiation Pattern 16 7Fansmttters, 100 W ERP Each IU 100 ,100 Distance from Antenna (m) -10 V 0 -20 m v a to .30 ?g 3 N '0 Fig. 9. Narrowband and broadband power density measurements at a height of approximately 2 m above the plane of the roof. The centerline height of the radiating portion of the antenna is approximately ' 4.5 m above the plane of the roof. The broadband measurements are taken from Figs. 7 and 8. 540 Petersen and Testagrossa line is the value predicted from the antenna far-field radiation pattern. The actual radiation pattern of the antenna was used for these calculations. not the smoothed envelope, and reflections from the ground were assumed to be zero. The notch is between the main beam and the first side lobe of the antenna pattern. As can be seen in Rizure 9. the measured values are both above and below the predicted values at the edge of the main beam, but generally by less than 3 dB. The differences can be attributed to several factors. including the analytical value was obtained from an antenna pattern measured at a single frequency. whereas the measurements were made at several frequencies (spaced between 880 and 890 MHz): the far-field antenna Bain was used: and the theoretical values do not take into account scattering from the surface of the roof. Generally, when hazard analyses are per- formed, perfect reflection is assumed and a factor of four times (6 dB) is used to account for the possibility of in-phase addition of the electric field. If perfect re- flection was assumed here, the predicted values would be conservative with respect to the measured values. The results of the measurements made in the horizontal plane through the center of the main beam are shown in Figure 10. Also shown in the figure are the corre- sponding near-field values as measured with the broadband probe. As can be seen in the figure, the near-field values decrease approximately linearly with distance (approximately 3.3 dB/octave or 1 I dB/decade), but the far-field values decrease inversely with the square of the distance (6 dB/octave or 20 dB/decade). The solid line parallel to the narrowband measured values is the analytical value corresponding to an ERP 1600 W (16 transmitters) as determined from the far-field antenna pat- tern and the free-space transmission formula. This curve intersects the dashed line drawn parallel to the measured near-field values at a distance of approximately 9 m. This would indicate that for purposes of hazard analyses, the far-field antenna pattern for this and similar antennas can be used at distances as close as 9 m with reasonable accuracy even though conventional theory would predict a far-field distance of approximately 60 m [Jasik. 1961 ]. 10 n c 0.1 a0 Broadband Measurements Narrowband Measurements 00 a 00 0, 0 0 a Slope « r: :ti 16 Transmitters, 100 W ERP Each \.; •; r 10 M 0 f 0 0 O 7 n 0.01 10 100 Distance from Antenna (m) -20 Fia. 10. Narrowband and broadband measurements at the centerline height of the radiating portion of the roof-mounted antenna (approximately 4.5 m abo%e the plane of the roof). RF Electromagnetic Fields and Cell-Site Antennas 541 CONCLUSIONS Electromagnetic fields near the base of typical antenna towers used for cel- lular telephone service, and in the near-field of commonly used antennas that are frequently mounted on roofs of buildings. have been characterized. Although the omnidirectional antenna was chosen for this studv. the results for sector antennas mounted at the same height on a tower would not be expected to differ significantly on a per channel basis because the antenna patterns are similar. With respect to antennas mounted on buildings however, the omnidirectional antenna, when com- pared with sector antennas. probably represents more of a worst-case scenario with respect to potential exposure. This is because omnidirectional antennas are frequently mounted in a manner such that the center of the radiation pattern is only a few feet over the head of someone standing on the building roof, or on the roof of equip- ment rooms or penthouses, whereas sector antennas are typically mounted to the sides of buildings where the main beam is inaccessible in the near field. The results of these measurements indicate that the maximal power density in the vicinity of typical towers ranging in height from 46 m (most common) to 82 m is less than 100 pW/m'( 10 nW/cm') per channel (transmitter) except in proxim- ity to large metallic surfaces near the base of the tower. Thus, for a 96-channel system operating at an ERP of 100 W per channel. the aggregate maximum power density would be less than 10 mW/m' (I pW/cm'). It was also found that, as expected, conservative techniques normally used for analytical hazard analyses overpredict the strengths of the actual fields. Similarly, the power density in the main beam of a typical omnidirectional antenna used for cellular service was found to be less than 30 W/m' (3 mW/cm') at distances greater than 0.7 m from the antenna, less than I W/m' (100 pW/cm') at distances greater than approximately 12 m, and less than 0.1 W/m' (10 W/cm') at distances greater than approximately 50 in. These values are normalized to 16 trans- mitters, each with an ERP of 100 W. A comparison of the results of these measure- ments with the analytical values obtained from the free-space transmission formula (based on the antenna far-field pattern) indicates that the analytical values exceed the predicted values (by less than 3 dB) at distances greater than approximately 10 in. For purposes of hazard analyses of similar antennas at distances between 1 and 10 m, the maximal power density can be estimated from ' S= 0.02N(ERP) r where S is the power density in W/m'. N is the number of channels. ERP is ' the effective radiated power in watts referenced to a half-wave dipole, and r is the distance in meters. (The above empirical equation, with power density inversely proportional to distance. was derived from the results of the measurements made ' in the horizontal plane through the center of the main beam.) The power density measured at head height (approximately 2 m above the plane of the roof was found to be less than I W/m' ( 100 pW/cm-) evervwhere, less than 200 mW/m' (20 pW/cm') at distances greater than 3 m. and less than 20 mW/m' (2 ' pW/cm') at distances greater than 20 m. The above values can be compared with current exposure limits and recom- mendations such as those of IEEE C95.1-1991 [IEEE. 19911 (a revision of ANSI 542 Petersen and Testagrossa C95.1-1982 [ANSI, 19821) and NCRP Report 86 [NCRP. 19861. A comparison of the above values with the 29-30 W/m' limits for the controlled environment [IEEE. 19911 or for occupational exposure [NCRP. 19861, which would be appropriate for telephone craft working on a roof or on the platform of a tower, indicates that the limits could be exceeded only at distances (in the main beam) closer than 0.7 m. However, if several antennas are located in proximity (e.g., on a tower platform) such that the bottom of the radiating portion of the antenna is approximately head height, it may be possible to exceed the above limits and appropriate work prac- tices should be implemented. For public exposure (uncontrolled environment), the NCRP and IEEE exposure limits are approximately 6 W/m=at frequencies between 870 and 890 MHz. A comparison of the above values with this limit indicates that the fields associated with a 16-channel, 100-W ERP omnidirectional antenna ex- ceed the public exposure recommendations only at distances closer than 3 m. The levels measured near the base of typical towers used for cellular-radio cell-site antennas indicate that the maximal combined power density corresponding to 96 transmitters operating simultaneously, each at an ERP of 100 W. is about 10 mW/ m=(1 gW/cm=). This power density is well below the above limits for the uncon- trolled environment. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors thank Mr. W. Kuhlmann of AT&T Bell Laboratories (retired) with whom the rooftop measurements were made and Mr. L. Faiella of Bell Atlantic Mobile Systems, who located the cell-site antenna towers and coordinated the site visits. REFERENCES ANSI ( 1981): "Recommended Practice for the Measurement of Potentially Hazardous Electromagnetic Fields-RF and Microwave." New York: American National Standards Institute. ANSI (1982): "Safety Levels with Respect to Human Exposure to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields-300 kHz to 100 GH." New York: American National Standards Institute. IEEE ( 1991): "Safety Levels with Respect to Human Exposure to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields. 3 kHz to 300 GHz." Piscataway. N1: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. Jasik H ( 1961 ): Fundamentals of antennas. In Jasik H (ed): "Antenna Engineering Handbook." New York: McGraw-Hill pp 2.14-2.15. NCRP (1981): "Radiofrequency Fields-Properties. Quantities and Units. Biophysical Interaction, and Measurements." Bethesda. MD: National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements. NCRP (1986): "Biological Effects and Exposure Criteria for Radiofrequencv Electromagnetic Fields." Bethesda. MD: National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements. Petersen RC ( 1979): Levels of electromagnetic energy in the immediate vicinity of representative microwave relay towers. In: "Proceedings of the International Conference on Communications- Boston. MA (June 10-14. 1979)." IEEE NY. pp 31.5.1-31.5.5. Petersen RC (1980): Electromagnetic radiation from selected telecommunications systems. Proc of the IEEE 68:21-24. Shinn DH ( 1976): Avoidance of radiation hazards from microwave antennas. Marconi Rev (G.B.) 39:61- 80. Stuchlv MA ( 1977): Potentially hazardous microwave radiation sources-a review. J Microwave Power 12:369-381. Tell RA. and Mantiply. ED ( 1980): Population exposure to UHF and broadcast radiation in the United States. Proc of the IEEE 68:7-72. E ? BIOEFFECTS OF RADIOFREQUENCY ? EXPOSURE 4. .O BIOEFFECTS OF RADIOFREQUENCY RADIATION ON CELL GROWTH AND DIFFERENTIATION James C. Toler Bioengineering Center/Office of Interdisciplinary Programs Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, GA 30332-0200 This presentation describes the fifth and concluding phase of a multi-year research program designed to investigate the effects of chronic, low-level radiofrequency radiation (RFR) exposure on cell growth and differentiation. The first phase of the program consisted of a feasibility analysis aimed at defining an adequate technical approach for generating a 435-MHz pulsed-wave (1.0 ps pulse width, 1.0 kHz pulse rate) radiation environment for chronically exposing a large rodent population. After analyzing the technical merits, design features, and costs of several different approaches, it was determined that a system based on circular, parallel- plate waveguides would provide the desired exposure environment. During the program's second phase, a prototype version of the circular, parallel-plate exposure system was constructed and evaluated. 'Much of the evaluation effort was concerned with defining exposure field characteristics as a function of different feed antennas for the waveguides. Ultimately, slotted-cylinder antennas were selected for use as feeds for the parallel- plate waveguides. The third phase of the program focused on develo in and d d Division of the Air Force's Armstrong Laboratory. F g o11L""%1 g a eudled protocol that could be used for investigating chronic, low-level RFR influences on cell growth and differentiation in rodents. This protocol was reviewed and accepted by scientists and engineers at both Georgia Tech's Bioengineering Center and the Radiofrequency Radiation Construction and evaluation of the bioeffects facility with eight adjoining rooms (exposure room, sham-exposure room, cage washer room, transmitter room, buffer room, caretaker room, computer room, and storage room) comprised the fourth phase of the program. Also, standard operating procedures controlling every key aspect of the study were generated and approved. The exposure system was configured as a four-tier arrangement of circular, parallel- plate waveguides with space provided on the circumference of the waveguides for positioning ' several hundred singly-caged rodents. System evaluations included detailed measurements that defined the exposure fields generated by each waveguide; finalizing the means by which the animals would be provided food and water; incorporating a system for controlling lighting in the exposure and sham-exposure rooms; providing the means by which temperature and humidity would be continuously recorded; etc. ' Upon successful completion of the program's fourth phase, a study was initiated to investigate the bioeffects of long-term exposure to low-level, pulsed-wave (1.0 µs pulse width, 1.0 kHz pulse rate) fields in the ultra-high-frequency range (435 MHz) on growth and/or ' differentiation of cells in a large population of rodents. The rodent model selected for the investigation was the murine tumor virus (MuMTV) C3H/HeJ mouse. Mammary tumors in this mouse are among the most frequently studied spontaneously occurring neoplasms, and the incidence and time-of-occurrence are well documented in the literature. The size of this mouse and the cage selected for housing permitted 450 mice (200 exposed, 25 exposed sentinels, 200 sham-exposed, 25 sham-exposed sentinels) to be used with the exposure system. Statistical analysis indicated that this population would permit a 15 percent change to be detected, if it existed, 90 percent of the time. Shortly after weaning, 450 study mice were obtained from Jackson Labs, randomly assigned as either exposure or sham-exposure animals, toe clipped for identification, individually housed in transparent Polycarbonate cages with filtered tops, and positioned on the circular, parallel-plate radiation structure in either the exposure or sham-exposure room. The cages contained Plexiglas fixtures that supported glass water bottles with glass sipper tubes. The cage floor was covered with Cellu-Dry, a product used to absorb urine and aid in odor control. Food was placed on the floor of each cage. Following a two-week quarantine period (at which time the mice were approximately five weeks of age), pulsed-wave exposure began at a level of 1 mW/cm2, 20 hours daily (average), seven days weekly, for 21 months. This exposure level yielded a measured Specific Absorption Rate with a mean value of 0.32 W/kg. ' All animals were inspected daily and weighed weekly using a computer-controlled electronic balance. Animal cages, water bottles, and sipper tubes were washed weekly in a commercial washer, and the exposure and sham-exposure rooms were thoroughly cleaned weekly as specified in the Standard Operating Procedures. For the remainder of the facility, housekeeping was a daily activity. Animals found dead were necropsied immediately, if possible, and the 22 separate tissues identified in the study protocol were harvested, visually inspected, and preserved. Animals exhibiting advanced moribund conditions were sacrificed, necropsied, and the 22 tissues plus gross lesions/tissue masses identified in the study protocol were harvested, visually examined and preserved. All preserved tissues underwent pathological/toxicological examination in the laboratories of Pathology Associates, Inc.(PAI), the biological subcontractor for the study. Study results were based on statistical analyses conducted at PAI and by an independent biostatistician. These results were presented for three tissue categories: neoplastic; non- neoplastic; and neoplastic and non-neoplastic. For neoplastic tissues, there were no distinct differences in incidences between exposure and sham-exposure mice. For non-neoplastic tissues, a large number of lesions were observed, but they were usually comparable between exposure and sham-exposure mice; consequently, it was concluded that lesions in this category were within the range of expected incidental findings in a chronic study using this mouse model. Based on these findings, the overall study conclusion was that exposure to chronic, low- level, pulsed-wave RFR at 435 MHz under the conditions of this study, had no apparent effect on cell growth and/or differentiation as evaluated by histopathological examination. The Radiofrequency Radiation Division of the Air Force Armstrong Laboratory at Brooks Air Force Base, TX is gratefully acknowledged for their sponsorship of this study. Georgia Institute of Technology Office of Interdisciplinary Programs BIOGRAPHICAL DATA TOLER, JAMES C. Principal Research Engineer Co-Director (Research), Bioengineering Center Phone : (404) 894-3964 FAX : (404) 894-7025 Office: Georgia Tech Centennial Research Building, Rm. 329 Atlanta, GA 30332-0200 E2Merience Summary As Co-Director (Research) of the Bioengineering Center, plans, coordinates, and nurtures a campus-wide program of interdisciplinary basic and applied research involving both faculty and students. Initiates and administers the Center's budget. As Principal Research Engineer, directs experimental and analytical research efforts aimed at determining the effects of biological system exposure to radiofrequency radiation. Extensively involved in collaborative research efforts across campus organizational units and between Georgia Tech and State medical schools. Frequently consults with government agencies and industrial organizations regarding electromagnetic wave interactions with medical electronic devices and biological systems. Major contributor of innovative program suggestions and research ideas related to exposure system design and development; identification of mechanisms by which electromagnetic fields interact with biological systems; design of diagnostic and therapeutic devices; development of assistive devices for persons with disabilities; computer applications in medicine; information resources and networks; and telemedicine. Current Fields of Research Interest Primary areas of research interest are bioelectromagnetics, advanced diagnostic devices, therapeutic interventions, telemedicine applications, computer applications in medicine, and development of assistive devices for the disabled. o Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society Electromagnetic Compatibility Society,/ o Rehabilitation Engineering Society of North America Special Interest Group on Robotics Special Interest Group on Computer Applications 0 Bioelectromagnetics Society ' Selected Publications an Presentations From a total of 91 publications and presentation, the following are representative: ' o "A Testbed for Evaluating and Developing Future Telemedicine Technologies", Southern Biomedical Engineering Conference, Washington, DC, April 16-17, 1994 (Accepted for presentation) o "Virtual Reality in Telemedicine", Southern Biomedical Engineering Conference, Washington, DC, April 16-17, 1994 (Accepted for presentation) o "Bioeffects of Radiofrequency Radiation on Cell Growth and Differentiation, Volume 2: Biological Considerations", Georgia Tech Final Report on Project No. B-03-606, Air Force Contract No. F33615-90-D-0606, January 1994. o "Bioeffects of Radiofrequency Radiation on Cell Growth and ' Differentiation, Volume 1, Engineering Considerations", Georgia Tech Final Report on Project No. B-03-685, Air Force Contract No. F33615-83-K-0600, June 1993. ' o "Long-Term, Low-Level Radiofrequency Radiation Bioeffects on Mammalian Cell Growth and Differentiation: Engineering ' Consideration and Standard Operating Procedures," Abstracts of the 11th Annual Conference on Bi oel ec-rromagneti c s, Tucson, AZ, June 1989. ' o "Effects of Chronic, Low-Level 435-MHz Radiofrequency Radiation on Blood-Borne Hormones in Cannulated Rats: Hematology," Abstracts of the 11th Annual Conference on Bioelectromagnetics, Tucson, AZ, June 1989. MEDICAL JOURNAL OF AUSTRALIA Vol 155 September 2. 1991 t_ ORIGINAL ARTICLES 1 A chromosomal study of workers with long-term exposure to radio-frequency radiation 7187 289 O Margaret Garson, Tracey L McRobert, Lynda J Campbell, Bruce A Hocking and Ian Gordon Objective: To examine whether an increased level of chromosome damage occurs in the stimulated lymphocytes of radio-linemen after long-term but intermittent exposure to radio-frequency radiation (RFR) during the course of their work. Design and participants: Chromosome studies were performed on blood samples from 38 radio-linemen matched by age with 38 controls, all of whom were employed by Telecom Australia. The radio-linemen had all worked with RFR in the range 400 kHz-20 GHz with exposures at or below the Australian occupational limits, and the controls were members of the clerical staff who had no exposure to RFR. Two hundred metaphases from each subject were studied and chromo- some damage was scored by an observer who was blind to the status of the subjects. Results: The ratio of the rate of aberrant cells in the radio-linemen group to that in the control group was 1.0 (95% confidence interval, 0.8-1.3). There were no statistically significant differences in the types of aberrations that were scored. Conclusion: Exposure to RFR at or below the described limits did not appear to cause any increase in chromosomal damage in circulating lymphocytes. (Med J Aust 1991; 155: 289-292) n recent years there has been growing interest in the health effects of the electromagnetic radiations designated extremely low frequency (ELF) and radio- frequency radiation (RFR). ELF radiation is typically associated with electric power frequencies (50 Hz) whereas RFR extends from 300 kHz to 300 GHz (in Australia, ..microwaves" are a subgroup of RFR extending from 3-300 GHz). It has been suggested that exposure to these radia- tions may have genetic effects which predispose to the development of cancer, particularly lymphoma and leukaemia, and also birth defects such as Down's syn- drome.'-' Some reports have not clearly distinguished between exposures to RFR and ELF, or given information on the levels of exposure. A literature review has revealed no study which has assessed chromosome damage in workers with a pure exposure to RFR. However, there have been experimental studies of the effects of RFR on cells in vitro, some of which have shown clasto- genic effects, but these may have been caused by heating rather than RFR.°•' Studies of chromosome damage produced by ELF radiation in vitro and in electric power workers have produced conflicting results,'"' which may not ;necessarily be extrapolated to RFR workers. Telecom Australia extensively uses RFR in the course of providing telecommunica- tions throughout Australia. A major union requested a study of genetic effects of RFR on Telecom staff. The assessment of chro- mosomal damage in circulating lympho- cytes is one of the standard methods used to study the genetic effects of a toxic substance. We conducted a matched pair study to determine if there was an excess of chromosome damage in staff who work extensively with RFR compared with non- exposed workers. control subjects were non-exposed clerical staff. A circular was widely distributed seeking volun- teers, both exposed and non-exposed, for the study. From the respondents, 40 radio-linemen were randomly selected and 40 controls, matched by age and Australian State, were chosen. A questionnaire was supplied to deter- mine occupational history and other exposures such as recent infection, smoking, x-rays and medication which might cause chromosome damage. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants. Exposure: Exposed subjects had worked at least five of the past six years with RFR, and the last exposure was required to be no more than 12 months before the study. The RFR encoun- tered ranged from 400 kHz to 20 GHz. All sites using FIR" and owned and operated by Telecom Australia have been surveyed at least once in the last 10 years and exposure levels and frequencies transmitted have been documented. The exposures before 1985 were limited to the occupational level of the American National Standards Institute and since 1985 have been limited to the occupational levels of the Australian Standard, which includes avoidance of burn and shock conditions." Typically, the exposure levels experienced by radio-linemen of frequencies between 400 kHz and 3 MHz are limited to 614 V/m and 1.63 Aim for the electric and magnetic fields respectively. For frequencies between 30 MHz and 20 GHz the exposure levels are limited to 61.4 Vim and 0.163 Alm and between 3 MHz and 30 MHz the exposure levels vary with frequency. Recent personal dosimetry studies of exposure levels at Telecom Australia sites operating at frequen- cies up to 100 MHz have revealed that the induced current flow in each leg was less than the limit value of 100 mA. Cytogenetic studies: Ten millilitres of heparinised blood was taken on the same day from the pairs of exposed and control subjects who were in the same Australian State, and transported to the laboratory by similar routes. In the laboratory the pairs were processed using the same culture medium and harvesting solu- tions, according to standard cytogenetic techniques. These precautions were taken to minimise any chromosome damage which may Methods Subjects: The exposed subjects were drawn from approximately 250 radio-linemen who erect and maintain broadcasting, telecommunication and satellite RFR transmission towers. The Department of Cytogenetics. St Vincent's Hospital, 41 Victoria Parade, Fitzroy, VIC 3065. O Margaret Garson. MB BS. FRCCP. FRCPA. Director, and Professorial Associate. University of Melbourne Department of Medicine. St Vincent's Hospital. Tracey L McRoben. BSc1HOrts1. Research Scientist. Currently at the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute. Parkville. Lynda J Campbell. Me BS. FRCPA, Anti-Cancer Council of Victoria Fellow in Cytogenetics. Corporate Human Resources. Telecom. 17th Floor, 418 Little Bourke Street, Melbourne, VIC 3000. Bruce A Hocking. OPH. DIH. FACOM. FRACGP. MFOM. Director of Occupational Medicine. Statistical Consulting Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052. Ian Gordon. MSc. Acnno Director Reprints: Associate Professor 0 M Garson. 290 have been produced by handling or culturing the specimens differently. Duplicate cultures were set up from each specimen and 100 metaphases from each culture were counted and analysed for chromo- some damage; thus 200 metaphases were assessed for each subject. Damage was scored, using the method of Buckton and Evans," into five categories ranging from minimal to major type aberrations - chromatid gaps, chromatid breaks, chromosome gaps, chromosome breaks - and other more complex abnormalities. Each subject had at least one G-banded karyotype prepared to establish their chromosome consti- tution. All specimens were identified only by a random code number. The chromosome analy- ses were performed by one scientist (T McR) to minimise observer error. She was blind to the status of the subjects. THE MEDICAL JOURNAL OF AUSTRALIA Vol 155 September 2, 1991 Results Of the 40 pairs of blood, two pairs were discarded because one specimen from each pair failed to produce metaphases, leaving 38 pairs for analysis. Two radio-linemen were found to have a constitutional chromosome abnormality. One had a Robertsonian translocation between chromosomes 14 and 21, namely 45,XY,t(14;21)(p11;g11); the other had a pericentric inversion of one chromosome 9, namely 46,XY,inv(9)(p13g12). They were included in the study and their chromo- some damage was scored as for other subjects. The raw data are shown in Table 1; the distributions are given separately for the linemen and control subjects, for each of the variables measured. The Figure shows the distribution of aberrant cells in linemen and control subjects. For some of the outcomes the values shown in Table 1 are not consecutive, since the data became sparse towards the upper end. The values 30, 14, and 47 appearing in three of the outcomes all belong to the same individual, a control subject. The results for this subject became an outlying statistic in the analyses of these outcomes, invalidating the statistical assump- tions of the study. For completeness, estimates are reported both ways, that is, with the outlier included and excluded. This makes the influence of the outlier obvious. Confidence intervals, however, are reported without the outlier. Table 2 shows the results of the analysis of the rates of chromosomal damage, assuming a Poisson structure of the data. The figures in the column headed "Rate per 100 cells" are calculated directly from the totals for each group of subjects. The estimate of the rate ratio is calculated from a statistical model in which the contrasts are made within pairs; that is, the pairing in the design is retained in the analysis. All the 95% confidence intervals include the null value of 1, indicating that all the differ- ences are non-significant (P>0.05). f Further, the confidence interval (CI) gives an indication of the likely range for the "true" rate ratio. break the matching and fit unconditional Poisson models, with group (linemen/ control) and the confounding variables as predictors. Using this structure, we found that the rate ratio for aberrant cells, TABLE 1: Chromosome damage of Telecom linemen working with radio-frequency radiation and of control subjects (clerical staff) Type of aberration Chromatid gaps Chromosome gaps Conduct of study: A steering committee was formed consisting of the principal investigator (O M G) and representatives of Telecom Australia and the union. It monitored the progress of the study and received and consi- dered the final results. After the code had been broken, individuals were informed of their own results and the results of the study, as recom- mended by Schulte and Singal.'• Any consti- tutional abnormalities found were notified to the committee, which established a suitable mechanism for informing and counselling the individual concerned. Names of all. other individuals remained confidential to the investigator. Statistical methods: For statistical analysis of the data. the linemen were matched with control subjects. This pairing was intended to eliminate some of the extraneous variation, in particular that due to age. For matched analyses of our data, a model that suggested itself was the Poisson distribu- tion. The assumption is that chromosomal damage is occurring at a given rate and a given abnormality occurs independently of others. This means, for example, that in a particular indivi- dual one chromosome break is not related to another. A virtue of the Poisson approach is that it allows direct estimation of the rates of chro- mosomal damage in the two groups, and of the ratio of the rates. Further, the model can be extended to include other possible predictors o outcome, for example, smoking. A potential drawback is that the data may show more variation than would be expected a strictly Poisson random variable. The simples solution to this is to include in the model ''heterogeneity factor", which means that th data are assumed to have a Poisson-lik character, but with a variance larger than that expected on Poisson assumptions." This lead to the same estimates of the rate ratio, but wiser confidence interval. This model, assumi extra-Poisson variation, was used in all analyse Chromatid breaks Chromosome breaks Other Number of Persons affected aberrations Linemen Controls sum of chromosomal aberrations Aberrant cells of Smoking, recent infections and recent t x-rays were regarded as potential a confounding variables in this study. e However, incorporating these variables in e analyses of the total number of aberrant s cells that compared the two groups did not a materially alter the result. There were ng missing data on some subjects, so to carry s. out these analyses it was necessary to 0 13 18 1 13 12 2 g 4 3 2 2 4 1 1 5 0 1 0 27 27 1 7 11 2 3 0 3 1 0 0 27 26 1 7 7 2 4 3 3 0 1 a30 0 1 0 11 16 1 12 11 2 5 4 3 3 2 4 2 2 5 2 0 7 2 0 8 0 1 9 1 0 12 0 1 z 14 0 1 0 12 9 1 17 14 2 3 14 3 3 0 4 1 0 6 2 0 7 0 1 0 2 0 1 5 5 2 3 6 3 5 6 4 6 8 5 4 3 6 2 2 7 3 3 8 2 2 11 2 0 12 3 1 15 1 0 18 0 1 > 47 0 1 0 2 0 1 5 5 2 5 6 3 8 8 4 5 7 5 4 6 6 5 0 7 1 4 8 0 2 g 1 0 10 1 0 11 1 0 THE MEDICAL JOURNAL OF AUSTRALIA Vol 155 September 2. 1991 co (D U C Q m LL N 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Number of aberrant cells 291 Co and the average duration of exposure was 15.4 years. All the 95% confidence intervals compar- ing linemen and control subjects indicate non-significant differences. The rate of total (D chromosomal aberrations in the linemen was 1.2 times that in the controls (P = 0.2). The sample size used in this study was such that the upper confidence limit for this rate ratio was 1.6, indicating that the v outcome of the study does not rule out an excess of chromosomal aberrations of 60% in the linemen group. For total aberrant cells the estimated rate ratio was 1.0 and the upper limit was 1.3. Larger studies N would be necessary to estimate the rate ratios more precisely. The exposure to other agents which cause chromosome damage in the radio- linemen group was small. There was no 0 exposure to radiations such as ELF or x-rays, apart from ultraviolet radiation in the FIGURE Histogram o! numoers of aoerrant cells Der 200 metaohases in Telecom linemen working wan radio-tfeauency radiation and in control suolects (ciencal staff) TABLE 2: Analysis of chromosomal damage of Telecom linemen working with radio- frequency radiation and of control subjects (clerical staff) assuming a Poisson structure of the data Outcome Rate per 100 cells Linemen Controls Rate ratio (95% confidence interval) Chromatid gaps 0.54 0.46 1.2(0.7-2 1) Chromosome gaps 0.21 0.14 1.5 (0.6-3.5) Chromatid breaks 020 0.61 Without outlier 0 18 0.22 0.8 (0.3-2.0) Chromosome breaks 0.95 0.88 Without outlier 0.97 0.72 1.4 (0.8-2.3) Other chromosomal aberration 0.63 0.64 1.0 (0.6-1.5) Sum of aberrations 2.53 2.74 Without outlier 2.55 2.18 1.2 (0.9-1.6) Total aberrant cells 1 92 1.88 1.0 (0.8-1.3) comparing linemen to control subjects, was 1.1 (95% Cl, 0.8-1.4; n = 72) after adjust- ment for smoking, 1.1 (95% Cl, 0.8-1.5; n = 68) after adjustment for recent x-ray, and 1.1 (95% Cl, 0.8-1.4; n=73) after adjustment for recent cold or infection. Discussion This study did not find an increase in chro- mosome damage in Telecom Australia radio-linemen who work with radio- frequencies at or below occupational exposure limits. The sample was based on volunteers. which might have led to bias. It is possible that staff with a concern for family problems volunteered to gain information and thus may have unduly increased the number of abnormalities. However, the two subjects found to have constitutional abnormalities were quite unsuspecting of this. Also the number of aberrant cells in the control group was within a normal range estab- lished over many years in the laboratory. This suggests neither exposed nor control group was biased. The time to last exposure could be up to a year but it is accepted that many lympho- cytes have lifetimes that exceed this so that damage before this time would still be detected." Most radio-linemen subjects were still exposed at the time of the study, course of their outdoor work, and no exposure to chemical mutagens. (This occupation should not be confused with linemen who may climb poles and be in proximity to ELF radiation.) Their exposure to RFR is therefore a relatively pure one. The field limits in the Australian Standard are based on limiting the energy absorp- tion rate per body mass to 0.4 W/kg, which is below the basal metabolic rate." In addi- tion, the level of induced current flow and subsequent heat deposition in the extremi- ties of the body is also limited along with the avoidance of RFR shocks. These points are of relevance because of the work of Nordenson et al., who produced chromo- some damage in vitro using spark dis- charges,' which are analogous to an RFR shock and/or a large current flow. We believe this is the first study of chro- mosome damage in workers exposed to RFR. A recent case report of leukaemia in a man who repaired microwave ovens found an abnormality of chromosome 7 in the leukaemic cells." No such chro- mosomal abnormality was found in this study." Nordenson reported an increase in chromosome damage in a study of power station workers exposed to ELF radiation.' However, reanalysis of her data on total aberrant cells by the statistical methods used in this paper gave a rate ratio (of exposed workers to control subjects) of 1.3 (95% Cl, 0.9-2.0) which is consistent with the results obtained in the present study for this outcome. Chromosome damage is a mechanism relevant to the causation of cancer and birth defects. Various epidemiological reports of an association between leuk- 292 aemia and electromagnetic radiation in occupational groups have not clearly distin- guished RFR and ELF radiation exposure." One major study of 40 000 United States naval staff, comparing those with maximum to those with minimum potential for expo- sure to radar, found no statistically significant difference in mortality from haematological malignancies." An unpub- lished study of neoplasms of the blood in medical retirees from Telecom Australia has not found an excess in Telecom staff compared to other public servants, or of staff who work with RFR compared to other Telecom staff. In this survey the clastogenic effect of RFR exposure has been studied in stimu- lated lymphocytes and extrapolation of these results to other tissues of the body is reasonable but speculative. These chro- mosome studies can also only identify gross cytogenetic abnormalities and not those at a genetic level. Nevertheless, the negative findings, made by means of a technique recognised as useful in assessing the effect of mutagenic substances, must argue against a chromosome damaging effect of exposure to RFR at or below the occupational limits in Australia. This is rele- vant to concerns about the relationship of exposure to cancer and birth defects." Acknowledgements The project, including the written consent form. was THE MEDICAL JOURNAL OF AUSTRALIA Vol 155 September 2, 1991 aoprovea by the St Vincent's Hospital Human Researcn Ethics Committee. The study was aporovea and funded by Worksate Australia, with supplementary tunas tram Telecom Australia. We wish to exoress our tnanks to the Occupational Healln Nurses wno tooK blooa samples and applied the questionnaire to the oarticioants. Ms J Hayes for secretarial support for the orolect and Mss J Osbourne for oreparation of the paper. Dr J Santamaria. Director of 1ne Department or Community Medicine at St Vincent 'S Hospital for the numbering and oainng of the subjects and Or K Joyner. Telecom Research Laooratories. for information on exposure levels. References 1. Sawtz D. Calle E. Leukemia and occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields: review of eptaem ologtc surveys. J Occup Med 1987: 29 47.51. 2. Sheikh K. Exposure to electromagnetic fields and the risk of leukemia. Arch Enwron Health 1986: 41 56-63. 3. Sigler AT. Lilienfeld AM. Cohen BH. Westlake JE. Radiation exposure in parents of children with mongolism (Down's syndrome). Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp 1965: 117: 374.399. 4 Cohen BH. Lilienfeld AM. Kramer S. Hyman LC. Parental factors in Down's syndrome: results of the second Baltimore case-control study. In.. Hock EB. Porter I. editors. Population cytogenetics. studies in humans. New York: Academic Press. 1977. 301.352. 5. National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements. Biological effects exposure criteria for radio-frequency electromagnetic fields Bethesda. Md: The Council, 1986: 40.43. (Report No. 86.) 6. Kerbacher JJ, Meltz ML. Erwin ON. Influence of radtofrequency radiation on chromosome aberra- tions in CHO cells and its interaction with DNA-damaging ayent3. Radiat Res 1990: 123: 311.319. 7. Nordenson I, Mild KH, Nordstrom S. et al. Clasto- gentc effects to human lymphocytes of power frequency electric fields: in vivo and to vitro studies. Radial Enwron Bioohys 1984: 23: 191-201. 8 Norcenson I, Mild KH. Ostman U. Llungberg H Chromosomal effects in lympnocytes of 400 kV- subsiation workers. Raciat Enwron Bioohys 1988. 27 39-47 9. Baucninger M. Haut R. Schmid F. Dresp J. Anal- ysis of structural chromosome changes and SCE after occuoational long term exposure to electric and magnetic fields from 380 kV-systems. Radial Enwron Btopnys 1981: 19. 235.238. 10. d'Ambros o G. Scagtione A. Di Berardino D. et al. Chromosomal aberrations induced by ELF electric fields. J Btoelecthary 1985: 4: 279-284. 11. Cohen MM, Kunska A. Astemborskt JA, et al. Effect of low-level, 60-Hz electromagnetic fields on human lympnotd cells: 1. Mitotic rate and chromosome breakage in human oertpneral lympnocytes. Bic- elecrromagnetics 1986: 7: 415.423. 12. Standards Australia. Maximum exposure levels - radio-frequency radiation 300 kHz-300 MHz. Sydney: Standards Australia. 1985. (Australian Stan- aara AS2772-1985.) 13. Buckton K. Evans J. Methods for the analysts of human chromosome aberrations. In: WHO Interna- tional Reference Centre for Chromosome Aberrations. Evaluation in populations. Geneva: WHO. 1973: 18.22. 14 Schulte PA. Singal M. Interpretation and communt- cation of the results of medical field investigations. J Occup Med 1989: 31: 589.594. 15. McCullagh P. Nelder JA. Generalized linear models. London: Chapman 8 Hall. 1983: 127. 16. Bloom AD. Ner ish S. Awa AA, et al. Chromosome aberrations in leucocytes of older survivors of the atomic bombings at Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Lancet 1967: 2: 802.805. 17. Archvnoaud E. Charnn C. Gayotat O. Jean-Jacques V. Acute myelogenous leukaemia following exposure to microwaves. Br J Haemato/ 1989: 73: 272.273. 18 Hocking B, Garson M. Leukaemia following exposure to microwaves: analysis of a case report. Br J Haemato/ 1990: 76: 312.319. 19. Robinette C. Silverman C. Jablon S. Effects upon health of occupational exposure to microwave radi- ation (radar). Am J Epidemiol 1980: 112: 39.53. (Received 20 Aug 1990, accepted 22 Apr 1991) BIRTH DEFECT RATES AROUND THREE TELEVISION TOWERS QUEEN ANNE HILL SEATTLE, WASHINGTON Prepared by: Patti Waller, M.S. Robert Davis, M.D. J Nashinglnn Slnlc Dr1wrimrnl Of i*4 ea t Office of Epidemiology Health Information Division March 19, 1991 /r' &Y .h"WLa" 40,1 kr'1_ 4 PPi Hea 1 th Office of Epidemiology SUMMARY BIRTH DEFECT RATES AROUND THREE TELEVISION TOWERS QUEEN ANNE HILL, SEATTLE, WASHINGTON In response to a public request for information, we analyzed birth defect rates around three large television towers on Queen Anne Hill, a neighborhood in Seattle, Washington. All births which occurred in the six census tracts that make up Queen Anne Hill between January 1, 1987 and December 31, 1988 were included in the study. Addresses at time of birth were geocoded and distance from each of the towers was calculated. The birth defect rates around the towers varied from 1.3 per 100 births in the census tract with the lowest birth defect rate, to 5.6 per 100 in the tract with the highest rate. The overall rate for the six census tracts around the towers was 3.0 per 100, a rate not statistically different from the Seattle/King County rate of 3.7 per 100 births. When.average distance from residence at time of birth to each t.-Cwe*r was analyzed, there was no difference between the residences of children with or without birth defects. When birth defect rates were measured in one-tenth mile increments from each tower, there was no statistical difference in rates, nor was there a trend to suggest an increased risk of birth defects with increased proximity to any one of the television towers. In summary, we found-that the incidence of birth defects on Queen Anne Hill was essentially no different from the incidence in Seattle/King County, and we found no evidence to suggest that residential proximity to the television towers increased the risk birth defects. 3/21/91 BIRTH DEFECT RATES AROUND THREE TELEVISION TOWERS QUEEN ANNE HILL, SEATTLE, WASHINGTON BACKGROUND This investigation was initiated in August, 1990, at the request of a resident of Queen Anne Hill in Seattle who inquired about the number of children with birth defects born to mothers who reside in the Queen Anne neighborhood. In particular, he wondered if there was a high rate of birth defects around three large television towers located at the top of the hill. There is a distance of approximately one-tenth of a mile between each of the towers. The towers are operated by KING-TV (and KING-FM), KOMO-TV, and KIRO-TV (KSEA-FM). The first Department of Health (DOH) contact was with staff at the Department's Office of Registries. The Office of Registries includes a statewide birth defects registry which identifies all children age three years or younger diagnosed with a birth defect by surveillance of hospital discharge indexes, birth certificates, fetal death certificates, death certificates, Children's Crippled Services and Division of Developmental Disability, with active validation by medical chart review. The Office of Registries referred the Queen Anne Hill resident to the office gf.Chronic Disease Epidemiology which assumed responsibility for the conduct of this investigation. METHODS There were two underlying hypotheses..-for the study. The first was that the observed birth defect rate on Queen Anne Hill did not differ significantly from the expected rate. Expected rates were derived from both published data... and from the overall rate found in Seattle-King County''. The second hypothesis was that there was no association between. the presence of the Queen Anne television towers and the incidence of birth defects. In order to test the first hypothesis, we calculated the 1 overall crude birth defect rate for the area we considered to be Queen Anne Hill and then calculated rates for each of the six census tracts that make up the area. A chi-square test was used to evaluate whether there was statistical significance in the difference between rates. To test the second hypothesis, we analyzed the incidence of birth defects on Queen Anne according to distance from the television towers. Because of the distance between the towers, they could' not be evaluated as.a single unit, rather each tower had to be considered separately. We determined the longitude (X1) and latitude (Y1) of each birth address using MAPINFO, a desktop mapping software package. The longitude (X2) and latitude (Y2) for each of the TV.towers was found by the same method. The following formula, provided by MAPINFO, was then used to determine the distance between each birth address and each one of the towers. DISTANCE = 69.171 x I cos (Y2 + Y1)/2)2 X (X2-X1)2'+ (Y2-Y1)2 Distances were calculated separately for children with birth defects and for children without birth defects. Once distance was determined, we conducted two evaluations. First, we cal-.^.ulated the average distance from each of the towers for children with birth defects and children without birth defects. Thi.,s'wa.s performed for all birth addresses and then was restricted to infants whose mothers lived within one-half mile of the towers. A test of the difference between two means was used to determine statistical significance between average distances for children with a birth defect and children without a birth defect. Secondly, we determined the birth defect rate in one- tenth of a mile increments away from each of the towers. A chi- square test was used to evaluate whether there was statistical significance in the difference between rates. We also calculated relative risks for children who lived within one-half mile of the towers versus children who lived more than one-half mile from any 2 tower. Figure 1 shows the area we considered to be Queen Anne Hill. This area is bordered on the north by the Lake Washington ship canal, to the west by 15th Avenue west, to the south by West Mercer Street and by Westlake Avenue to the east. There are six census tracts (59, 60, 67,68, 69, 70) within these boundaries. Two of the television towers (KIRO and KOMO) lie on the border of census tracts 68 and 70. The KING-TV tower is located just inside census tract 68. The area can also be divided into two ZIP codes although it should be noted that the two ZIP code boundaries extend beyond what is considered to be Queen Anne Hill into adjacent neighborhoods. We restricted our study to infants born in 1987 and 1988 because at the time the study was initiated, these two years were the only years for which the birth defects registry had complete data. During this time period, 487 infants were identified by the Center for Health Statistics, a section within the Washington State Department of Health, as having been born to mothers who resided in the six census tracts that make up Queen Anne Hill. Since the birth defects-registry does not code census tract, it was necessary to identify children with birth defects by ZIP codes and then code their addresses to the appropriate census tract. This process resulted in 16 children identified by the registry as having been born to mothers who lived on Queen Anne Hill. BEcause-reliable, population-based rates for the prevalence of minor defects is not available, a child with a defect we considered to be a minor defect (labial adhesions) was excluded from our study, resulting in a total of 15 children with a birth defect included in our analyses. RESULTS Table 1 is a description of each birth defect by census tract. No one type of defect predominated. Table 2 lists birth defect rates per 100 births for the years 1987 and 1988 by census tract. Census tract 70 had the highest rate per 100 births (5.6) while tracts 68 and 69 had the lowest rates per 100 births (1.4 3