Specifications 9- 7 -00; 2:OOPM ;ADS ENG. CENTER ;614 538 5203 # 2/ 6
,g - ()S Z_c?
Standard Specification ( ..1%, for
Corrugated Polyethylene Pipe, 300- to 1200 -mm Diameter ' "�
AASHTO DESIGNATION: M 294M -98
•
1. SCOPE 2.1.1 Standard Specifications for tions given in ASTM D 883 and ASTM
Highway Bridges F 412 unless otherwise specified.
L1 This specification covers the re- 2.2 ASTM Standards: 3.2 Crack —Any break or split that
quirements and methods of tests for cor- D 618 Conditioning Plastics extends through the wall.
rugated polyethylene (PE) pipe, coup -. and Electrical Insulat- 3.3 Crease —An irrecoverable in-
lings, and fittings for use in surface and ing Materials for dentation, generally associated with wall
subsurface drainage applications. Testing buckling.
1.1.1 Nominal sizes of 300 to 1200 D 883 Terms Relating to 3.4 Buckling —Any reverse curva-
mm are included. Plastics ture or deformation in the pipe wall that
1.1.2 Materials, workmanship, di- D 1693 Environmental Stress reduces the load carrying capability of
mensions, pipe stiffness, environmental Cracking of Ethylene the pipe.
stress crack resistance, joining systems, Plastics 3.5 Reworked Material —as defined
Maleness, and form of markings are D 2122 Determining Dimen- for "reworked plastic (thermoplastic)" in
specified. sions of Thermoplastic ASTM D 883.
1.2 Corrugated polyethylene pipe is Pipe and Fittings
intended for surface and subsurface drain- D 2412 Determination of Ex-
age applications where soil provides sup - ternal Loading Charac-
port to its flexible walls. Its major use is to teristics of Plastic
collect or convey drainage water by open Pipe by Parallel -Plate 4. CLASSIFICATION
gravity flow, as culverts, storm drains, etc. Loading
D 2444 Test for Impact Resis- 4.1 The corrugated Polyethylene
NOTE 1 —When polyethylene pipe is to ` tance of Thermoplas- Pipe covered by this specification is clas-
be used in locations where the ends may be tic Pipe and Fittings sifted as follows:
exposed, consideration should be given to pro by Means of a Tup 4.1.1 Type C —This pipe shall have
tection of the exposed portions due to combus (Falling Weight) a full circular cross section, with a corru-
tibility of the polyethylene and the deteriorat D 3350 Standard Specification gated surface both inside and outside.
ing effects of prolonged exposure to ultraviolet for Polyethylene Plas
may Corrugations ay be either annular or
tics Pipe and Fittings helical.
1.3 This specification does not in- Materials 4.1.1.1 Type CP —This pipe shall be
F 412 Terms Relating to T C with orations.
elude requirements for bedding, backfill, Plastic Piping Systems Type
or earth cover load. Successful perfor- 41.2 Type S —This pipe shall have
mance of this product depends upon a full circular cross section, with an outer
proper type of bedding and backfill, and NOTE 2 sizes 1050 min and 1200 corrugated pipe wall and a smooth inner
care in installation. The structural design mm diameters were previously specified by liner. Corrugations may be either annular
of corrugated polyethylene pipe and the the p rovisional standard AASHTO MP 6 or helical.
proper installation procedures are given 95• For 1050- should be designed sin 1 Type the wall 4 SP — This pipe shall be
thickness should be designed using the long- YPe p �
in the AASHTO Standard Specifications term tensile strength provision (900 psi) until Type S with perforations.
for Highway Bridges. Upon request of the new design criteria are established in the 4.1.3 Type D — This pipe shall con -
user or engineer, the manufacturer shall AASHTO bridge and structures specifica sist of an essentially smooth waterway
provide profile wall section detail re- tions. braced circumferentially or spirally with
quired for a full engineering evaluation. projections or ribs joined to an essentially
smooth outer wall. Both walls shall be
3. TERMINOLOGY fused to, or continuous with, the internal
2. REFERENCED DOCUMENTS supports.
3.1 The terminology used in this 4.2 Two classes of perforations are
2.1 AASHTO Standard: standard is in accordance with the defini- as described in Sections 7.3.1 and 7.3.2.
803
9- 7 -00; 2:OOPM ;ADS ENG. CENTER ;614 538 5203 # 3/ 6
•
804 SPECIFICATIONS FOR MATERIALS M 294M
5. ORDERING INFORMATION Specimen ........... —
5.1 Orders using this specification
shall include the following information Cross Secttae
as necessary to adequately describe the
desired product.
5.1.1 AASHTO designation and
year of issue.
5.1.2 Type of pipe (see Section 4.1), ' a
5.1.3 Diameter and length required, 4°
either total length or length of each piece
and number of pieces,
5.1.4 Number of couplings,
5.1.5 Class of perforations (Class 2
is furnished if not specified) (see Section
7.3), and FIGURE 1 Specimen Configuration for Environmental Stress Cracking
5.1.6 Certification, if desired (see (Section 9.4.2)
Section 12.1).
and visible defects as defined herein. The 1.5 percent undersize, but not more than
6. MATERIALS ends of the pipe shall be cut squarely 30 mm oversize when measured in
and cleanly so as not to adversely affect accordance with Section 9.6.1.
6.1 Basic Materials: joining or connecting. 7.2.4 Length: Corrugated PE pipe
6.1.1 Extruded Pipe and Blow 7.1.1 Visible Defects: Cracks. may be sold in any length agreeable to
Molded Fittings: Pipe and fittings shall creases, unpigmented or nonuniformly the user. Lengths shall not be less than
be made of virgin PE compounds which pigmented pipe are not .permissible in 99 percent of the stated quantity when
conform with the requirements of cell the pipe as furnished. measured in accordance with Section
class 335420C as defined and described 7.1.2 For Type S pipe, the inner liner 9.6.2.
in ASTM D 3350, except that the carbon shall be fused to the outer corrugated 7.3 Perforations: When perforated
black content shall not exceed 5 percent, shell at all internal corrugation crests. pipe is specified, the perforations shall
and the density shall not be less than For Type D pipe, both walls shall be conform to the requirements of Class 2,
0.945 gnr/cc nor greater than 0.955 gm/ fused to or continuous with the internal unless otherwise specified in the order.
cc. Compounds that have higher cell supports. Class 1 perforations are for pipe intended
classifications in one or more properties, 7.2 Pipe Dimensions: to be used for subsurface drainage or
with the exception of density, are accept- 7.2.1 Nominal Size: The nominal size combination storm and underdrain. Class
able provided product requirements are for the pipe and fittings is based on the 2 perforations are for pipe intended to be
met. nominal inside diameter of the pipe. Nomi- used for subsurface drainage only. The
6.1.2 Rotational Molded Pipe and nal diameters shall be 300. 375. 450, 525. perforations shall be cleanly cut so as not
Fittings: Pipe and fittings shall be made 600, 675, 750, 900, 1050, and 1200 mm. to restrict the inflow of water. Pipe con -
of virgin PE compounds which conform 7.2.2 Wall Thickness: The inner wall nected by couplings or bands may be un-
with the requirements of cell class of Type S pipe, and both inner and outer perforated within 100 mm of each end of
213320C as defined and described in walls of Type D pipe, shall have the each length of pipe.
ASTM D 3350, except that the carbon following minimum thicknesses, when 73.1 Class 1 Perforations: The per -
black content shall not exceed 5 percent. measured in accordance with Section forations shall be approximately circular
Compounds that have higher cell classify- 9.6.4. and shall have nominal diameters of not
cations in one or more properties are less than 5 mm nor greater than 10 mm
acceptable provided product require- • Diameter ( wall Thickness (mm) and shall be arranged in rows parallel to
ments are met. 300 0.9 the axis of the pipe. The perforations shall
6.2 Reworked Material: In lieu . of 375 1.0 be located in the external valleys with
virgin PE, clean reworked material may 450 13 perforations in each row for each corru-
be used by the manufacturer, provided 525 1.5 gation. The rows of perforations shall be
that it meets the cell class requirements 600 1.5 arranged in two equal groups placed sym-
as described in Section 6.1. 675 1.5 metrically on either side of the lower un-
750 1.5 perforated segment corresponding to the
900 1.7
1050 1.8 flow line of the pipe. The spacing of the
1200 1.8 rows shall be uniform. The distance be-
7. REQUIREMENTS tween the center lines of the rows shall
7.2.3 Inside Diameter Tolerances: not be less than 25 mm. The minimum
7.1 Workmanship: The pipe and fit- The tolerance on the specified inside number of longitudinal rows of perfora-
tings shall be free of foreign inclusions diameter shall be 4.5 percent oversize and tions, the maximum height of the center
9— 7 -00; 2 :OOPM ;ADS ENG. CENTER ;614 538 5203 # 4/ 6
•
M 294M SPECIFICATIONS FOR MATERIALS 805
C 7.5 Pipe Flattening: There shall be
no evidence of wall buckling, cracking,
• splitting, or delamination, when the pipe
is tested in accordance with Section 9.2.
7.6 Environmental Stress Cracking:
There shall be no cracking of the pipe when
tested in accordance with Section 9.4. •
7.7 Brittleness: Pipe specimens shall
not crack or split when tested in accor-
dance with Section 9.3. Five non - failures
out of six impacts will be acceptable.
tirill. 4 E 7.8 Fitting Requirements:
7.8.1 The fittings shall not reduce or
\„ r impair the overall integrity Or function of
„ the pipe line.
I I 7.8.2 Common corrugated fittings 4111 I include in -line joint fittings, such as
r couplings and reducers, and branch or
.S111111/8/488amiims... 4 I complimentary assembly fittings such as
tees, wyes, and end caps. These fittings
.0 are installed by various methods.
I 0 #.
75° montaute
NOTE 3—Only fittings supplied or recom-
mended by the pipe manufacturer should be
FIGURE 2 Requirements for Perforations . used. Fabricated fittings made from pipe meet-
ing the requirements of the pipe specification
• should be acceptable providing that the joints
TABLE 1 Rows of Perforations, Height "H" of the Centerline of the Uppermost Rows
are adequately lapped or reinforced. Joints are
Above the Invert, and Chord Length "L" of Unperforated Segment, for Class I Perforations not intended to be watertight. Soil tightness is
( II, L. a function of opening size, channel length. and
Nominal Rows of Maximum' minimum backfill particle size. A backfill material con -
Diameter Perforations" nun min taming a high percentage of fine- graded soils
300 6 138 192 requires investigation for the specific type of
375 6 184 joint to be used to guard against soil infiltra-
450 6 207 lion. Information regarding joint soil tightness
criteria can be found in AASHTO Standard
560000 + 6 230 F) Specifications for Highway Bridges. Division
Ii, Section 26, "Metal Culverts ".
" Minimum numba of rows. A greater number of rows for increased inlet area shall be subject to agreement
between purchaser and manufacturer.
Note: The number of perforations per meter in each row (and inlet area) is dependent on the corrugation pitch. 7.8.3 All . fittings shall be within an
° See Figure 2 for location of dimensions "H" and "L" overall length dimensional tolerance
H (max.) — 0.4613: L (ruin.) = 0.64, whore D - nominal diameter of pipe. millimeters. ± 12 mm of the manufacturer's specified
dimensions when measured in accor-
lines of the uppermost rows of perfora- 450 mm. All measurements shall be made dance with Section 9.6.2.
tions above the bottom of the invert. and in accordance with Section 9.6.3. 7.8.4 Fittings shall not reduce the in-
the inside chord lengths of the unperfo- 7.4 Pipe Stiffness: The pipe shall side diameter of the pipe being joined by
rated segments illustrated in Figure 2 have a minimum pipe stiffness at five more than 12 mm. Reducer fittings shall
shall be as specified in Table 1. percent deflection as follows when tested not reduce the cross - sectional area of the
7.3.2 Class 2 Perforations: Circular in accordance with Section 9.1. small size.
perforations shall be a minimum of 5 mm Diameter Pipe Stiffness 7.85 Couplings shall be corrugated
and shall not exceed 10 mm in diameter. k p a to match the pipe corrugations and shall
mm The width of slots shall not exceed 3 mm. provide sufficient longitudinal strength to
The length of slots shall not exceed 70 300 °101 345 preserve pipe alignment and prevent sepa-
mm for 300 mm and 375 mm pipe and mm 275 ration at the joints. Couplings shall be bell
75 mm for 450 min and larger pipe. Per 525 mm 260 and spigot, split collar, or screw -on collar.
forations shall be placed in the external 600 mm 235 Split couplings shall engage at least two
valleys and uniformly spaced along the 675 mm 205 full corrugations on each pipe section.
• length and circumference of the pipe. The • 750 nun 195 72.6 Pipe connections shall not sep-
water inlet area shall be a minimum of 900 mm 150 arate to create a gap exceeding 5 mm
30 cm /m for pipe sizes 300 to 450 mm 1050 mm 140 when measured in a radial direction be-
and 40 cm /m for pipe sizes larger than 1200 mm 125 tween pipe and coupling, or between bell
Ls,
9- 7 -00; 2:OOPM;ADS ENG. CENTER ;614 538 5203 Yt 5/ 6
•
806 SPECIFICATIONS FOR MATERIALS M 294M
and spigot portions of pipe, when tested erratic initial load /deflection curve. B = 0.8A f
according to Section 9.5.1. Fittings shall When this occurs, the beginning point
not crack or delaminate. for deflection measurement shall be at where:
7.8.7 The design of the fittings shall a load of 20 ± 5 Newtons. The point A = the inside chord dimension
be such that when connected with the shall be considered as the origin of the before bending
pipe, the axis of the assembly will be load deflection curve. B = the same dimension taken after
level and true when tested in accordance bending (see Figure 1).
with Section 9.5.2.
7.8.8 Other types of coupling bands 9.4.4 Place the bent specimen in a
or fastening devices which are equally ef- NOTE 4 —The parallel plates must exceed container of suitable size and cover com-
fective as those described, and which the length of the test specimen as specified pletely with a preheated wetting agent at
comply with the joint performance crite- above 50 °C ± 2 °C. Maintain this temperature
ria of AASHTO Standard Specifications for 24 hours, and then remove the sample
for Highway Bridges, Division II, Section 9.2 Pipe Flattening: Flatten the three and inspect immediately. The wetting
26, may be used when approved by the pipe specimens from Section 9.1 until agent used in this test shall be 100 percent
purchaser. the vertical inside diameter is reduced "Igepal CO- 630," a trade name for nonyl-
by 20 percent. The rate of loading shall phenoxy poly(ethyleneoxy) ethanol.
be the same as in Section 9.1. Examine 9.5 Fittings:
the specimen with the unaided eye for 9.5.1 Joint Integrity: Assemble each
8. CONDITIONING cracking, splitting, or delamination. Wall fitting or coupling to the appropriate pipe
buckling is indicated by reverse curva- in accordance with the manufacturer's
8.1 Conditioning: Condition the ture in the pipe wall accompanied by a recommendations. Use pipe samples at
specimen prior to test at 21 to 25 ° C for decrease in Load carrying ability of the least 300 mm in length. Assemble a spec- it
not less than 40 hours in accordance with pt�' nu
imen at least 600 mm in length with the
Procedure A in ASTM D 618 for those 9 Brittleness: Test pipe specimens connection at the center. Load the con-
tests where conditioning is required, and in accordance with ASTM D 2444 except nected pipe and fitting between parallel
unless otherwise specified six specimens shall be or six im- plates at the rate of 12.5 mm per minute
8.2 Conditions: Conduct all tests at pacts shall be made on one specimen. uhtil the vertical inside diameter is re-
a laboratory temperature of 21 to 25°C In the latter case, successive impacts duced by at least 20 percent of the nomi-
rY .
unless otherwise specified herein. shall be separated by 120 ± 10 degrees nal diameter of the pipe. Inspect for dam -
for impacts made on one circle, or at age while at the specified deflection and
least 300 mm longitudinally for impacts after load removal. Measure the maxi -
made on one element. Impact points shall mum radial distance between pipe and fit -
be at least 150 mm from the end of the tings, or between bell and spigot, during
9. TEST METHODS specimen. Tup B shall be used, with a test and after load removal.
mass of 4.5 kg. The height of drop shall 9.5.2 Alignment: Assure that the as-
9.1 Pipe Stiffness: Select a minimum be 3.0 m. Use a flat plate specimen sembly or joint is correct and complete. If
of three (3) pipe specimens and test for holder. Condition the specimens for 24 the pipe is bent, it should be straightened
pipe stiffness (PS), as described in hours at a temperature of -4 ± 2 ° C, prior to performing this test. Lay the as-
ASTM D 2412 except for the following: and conduct all tests within 60 seconds sembly or joint on a flat surface and ver-
(1) the test specimens shall be a mini- of removal from this atmosphere. The ify that it will accommodate straight -line
mum of one diameter length; (2) locate center of the falling tup shall strike on flow.
the first specimen in the loading machine a corrugation crown for all impacts. 9.6 Dimensions:
with an imaginary line connecting the 9.4 Environmental Stress Cracking: 9.6.1 Inside Diameter: Measure the
two seams formed by the corrugation Test sections of the pipe for environmen- inside diameter of the pipe with a tapered
mold (end view) parallel to the loading tal stress cracking in accordance with plug in accordance with ASTM D 2122.
plates, when applicable. The specimen ASTM D 1693, except for the following As an alternative, measure the inside di-
must lie flat on the plate within 3 ram modifications: ameter with a suitable device accurate to
and may be straightened by hand bending 9.4.1 Three (3) specimens shall be ± 3.0 mm on two sections. Take eight
at room temperature to accomplish this. tested. measurements equally spaced around the
Use the first location as a reference point 9.4.2 Each specimen shall consist of circumference of each section and aver -
for rotation and testing of the other two a 90 degree arc length of pipe as shown age these sixteen measurements. The av-
specimens. Rotate subsequent specimens in Figure 1. erage inside diameter shall meet the re-
45 and 90 degrees respectively from the 9.4.3 Bend the specimens to shorten quirements of Section 7.2.3.
original orientation. Test each specimen the inside chord length 20 ± 1 percent 9.6.2 Length: Measure pipe with any
in one position only (3) the deflection and retain in this position using a suitable suitable device accurate to ± 6.0 mm in
indicator shall be readable and accurate holding device. Determine the arc chord 3 m. Make all measurements on the pipe
to ±0.02 mm; (4) the residual curvature dimension (B) of the specimen under while it is stress -free and at rest on a flat ' �---`
found in tubing frequently results in an test as follows: surface in a straight line.
9- 7 -00; 2:OOPM;ADS ENG. CENTER ;514 538 5203 # 6/ 6
M 294M SPECIFICATIONS FOR MATERIALS 807
9.63 Perforations: Measure dimen- occurs. the pipe or fittings may be re- 11.15 The date of manufacture or
' Sion of perforations on a straight speci- tested to establish conformity in accor- an appropriate code.
men with no external forces applied. dance with agreement between the pur- 11.2 Fittings shall be marked with
Make linear measurements with intro_ chaser and seller. Individual results, not the designation number of this specitica-
ments accurate to 0.2 mm. averages, constitute failure. lion, AASHTO M 294M, and with the
9.6.4 Wall Thickness: Measure the manufacturer's identification symbol.
wall thickness in accordance with ASTM •
D 2122. 1L MARKING 12. QUALITY ASSURANCE
10. INSPECTION AND RETEST 11.1 All pipe shall be clearly marked 12.1 A manufacturer's certificate
at intervals of no more than 3.5 m as that the product was manufactured,
follows: tested, and supplied in accordance with
10.1 Inspection: Inspection of the 11.1.1 Manufacturer's name or this specification, together with a report
material shall be made as agreed upon trademark. of the test results, and the date each test
by the purchaser and the seller as part 11.1.2 Nominal size. was completed, shall be fumished upon
of the purchase contract. 11.13 This specification designa- request. Each certification so furnished
10.2 Retest and Rejection: If any lion, AASHTO M 294. shall be signed by a person authorized
failure to conform to these specifications 11.1.4 The plant designation code. by the manufacturer.
•
•